Table Of ContentMigration, Diasporas and Citizenship
Series Editors: Robin Cohen, Director of the International Migration Institute and
Professor of Development Studies, University of Oxford, UK and Zig Layton-Henry,
Professor of Politics, University of Warwick, UK.
Editorial Board: Rainer Baubock, European University Institute, Italy; James F. Hollifield,
Southern Methodist University, USA; Jan Rath, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
The Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship series covers three important aspects of the
migration progress. Firstly, the determinants, dynamics and characteristics of international
migration. Secondly, the continuing attachment of many contemporary migrants to their
places of origin, signified by the word ‘diaspora’, and thirdly the attempt, by contrast, to
belong and gain acceptance in places of settlement, signified by the word ‘citizenship’. The
series publishes work that shows engagement with and a lively appreciation of the wider
social and political issues that are influenced by international migration.
Also published in Migration Studies by Palgrave Macmillan
Rutvica Andrijasevic
MIGRATION, AGENCY AND CITIZENSHIP IN SEX TRAFFICKING
Claudine Attias-Donfut, Joanne Cook, Jaco Hoffman and Louise Waite (editors)
CITIZENSHIP, BELONGING AND INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONS IN AFRICAN MIGRATION
Grete Brochmann, Anniken Hagelund (authors) with – Karin Borevi, Heidi Vad Jønsson, Klaus
Petersen
IMMIGRATION POLICY AND THE SCANDINAVIAN WELFARE STATE 1945–2010
Gideon Calder, Phillip Cole and Jonathan Seglow
CITIZENSHIP ACQUISITION AND NATIONAL BELONGING: Migration, Membership and the
Liberal Democratic State
Huub Dijstelbloem and Albert Meijer (editors)
MIGRATION AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGICAL BORDERS OF EUROPE
Thomas Faist and Andreas Ette (editors)
THE EUROPEANIZATION OF NATIONAL POLICIES AND POLITICS OF IMMIGRATION: Between
Autonomy and the European Union
Thomas Faist and Peter Kivisto (editors)
DUAL CITIZENSHIP IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: From Unitary to Multiple Citizenship
Katrine Fangen, Thomas Johansson and Nils Hammarén (editors)
YOUNG MIGRANTS: Exclusion and Belonging in Europe
Martin Geiger and Antoine Pécoud (editors)
THE POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION MANAGEMENT
John R. Hinnells (editor)
RELIGIOUS RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH ASIAN DIASPORAS: From One Generation to
Another
Ronit Lentin and Elena Moreo (editors)
MIGRANT ACTIVISM AND INTEGRATION FROM BELOW IN IRELAND
Ayhan Kaya
ISLAM, MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION: The Age of Securitization
Marie Macy and Alan H. Carling
ETHNIC, RACIAL AND RELIGIOUS INEQUALITIES: The Perils of Subjectivity
George Menz and Alexander Caviedes (editors)
LABOUR MIGRATION IN EUROPE
Laura Morales and Marco Giugni (editors)
SOCIAL CAPITAL, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND MIGRATION IN EUROPE: Making
Multicultural Democracy Work?
Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen (editors)
IMPERIAL MIGRATIONS: Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World
Aspasia Papadopoulou-Kourkoula
TRANSIT MIGRATION: The Missing Link between Emigration and Settlement
Ludger Pries and Zeynep Sezgin (editors)
CROSS BORDER MIGRANT ORGANIZATIONS IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Prodromos Panayiotopoulos
ETHNICITY, MIGRATION AND ENTERPRISE
Vicky Squire
THE EXCLUSIONARY POLITICS OF ASYLUM
Anna Triandafyllidou and Thanos Maroukis (editors)
MIGRANT SMUGGLING: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe
Vron Ware
MILITARY MIGRANTS: Fighting for YOUR Country
Lucy Williams
GLOBAL MARRIAGE: Cross-Border Marriage Migration in Global Context
Also by Eric Morier-Genoud
EMBROILED: Swiss Churches, South Africa and Apartheid
(with C. Jeannerat and D. Péclard)
SURE ROAD? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique
Also by Michel Cahen
LES BANDITS. Un historien au Mozambique, 1994
LA DIALECTIQUE DES SECRETS. Histoire et idéologie dans l’accouchement
sous X et l’adoption plénière
ETHNICITE POLITIQUE. Pour une lecture réaliste de l’identité
MOZAMBIQUE, ANALYSE POLITIQUE DE CONJONCTURE 1990
MOZAMBIQUE, LA REVOLUTION IMPLOSEE.
Études sur douze années d’indépendance (1975–1987)
LA NATIONALISATION DU MONDE. Europe, Afrique, l’identité dans la démocratie
LE PORTUGAL BILINGUE. Histoire et droits politiques d’une minorité linguistique:
la communauté mirandaise
Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship
Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0-230–30078–1 (hardback) and
978–0-230–30079–8 (paperback)
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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire
RG21 6XS, England
Imperial Migrations
Colonial Communities and Diaspora
in the Portuguese World
Edited by
Eric Morier-Genoud
Queen’s University Belfast, UK
and
Michel Cahen
Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, France
ISBN 978-1-349-34604-2 ISBN 978-1-137-26500-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137265005
Selection and editorial matter © Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen 2013
Individual chapters © their respective authors 2013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-35369-5
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
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First published 2013 by
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Imperial migrations: colonial communities and diaspora in the
Portuguese world/edited by Eric Morier-Genoud, Michel Cahen.
p. cm.
1. Portugal – Emigration and immigration – History. 2. Portugal –
Colonies – History. I. Morier-Genoud, Eric. II. Cahen, Michel.
JV8261.I475 2012
304.809469—dc23 2012023559
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
Contents
List of Figures and Tables vii
Acknowledgements viii
Notes on Contributors ix
1 Introduction: Portugal, Empire, and Migrations – Was There
Ever an Autonomous Social Imperial Space? 1
Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen
Part I Longue Durée Migrations in and around
the Portuguese Empire
2 ‘Portuguese’ Diasporas: A Survey of the Scholarly Literature 31
Edward A. Alpers with Molly Ball
3 Africans in Portuguese Society: Classification Ambiguities
and Colonial Realities 72
Isabel Castro Henriques
Part II Colonial Migrations in the
Third Portuguese Empire
4 C olonial Migration to Angola and Mozambique:
Constraints and Illusions 107
Cláudia Castelo
5 Imperial Actors? Cape Verdean Mentality in the Portuguese
Empire under the Estado Novo, 1926–1974 129
Alexander Keese
6 U nlike the Other Whites? The Swiss in Mozambique
under Colonialism 149
Sérgio Inácio Chichava
7 The Ismailis of Mozambique: History of a Twofold Migration
(late 19th century–1975) 168
Nicole Khouri and Joana Pereira Leite
v
vi Contents
Part III Migrations at the Margins
of the Third Empire
8 Representing the Portuguese Empire: Goan Consuls in
British East Africa, c. 1910–1963 193
Margret Frenz
9 The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa,
1900–1994 213
Clive Glaser
10 From Mozambique to Brazil: The ‘Good Portuguese’
of the Chinese Athletic Club 239
Lorenzo Macagno
Part IV Ideology and Heritage
11 Luso-African Intimacies: Conceptions of National
and Transnational Community 265
Rosa Williams
12 Mundo Pretuguês: Colonial and Postcolonial
Diasporic Dis/articulations 286
AbdoolKarim Vakil
13 ‘Portugal Is in the Sky’: Conceptual Considerations on
Communities, Lusitanity, and Lusophony 297
Michel Cahen
14 Conclusion: Decolonisation and Diaspora 316
John Darwin
Index 327
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
3.1 ‘The mulatto women’ 78
3.2 The Portuguese Empire at the turn of the century 82
3.3 ‘The little Negroes’ 84
3.4 Advertising: ‘color’ and ‘vice’ 88
3.5 Anthropophagi 91
3.6 ‘The Negro of Casa Africana’ 95
3.7 E volution of the legally registered foreign population,
1960–1997 97
Tables
4.1 W hite population living in Angola and Mozambique,
1846–1973 113
4.2 A ngola and Mozambique population by somatic groups,
1940–1970 115
4.3 M etropolitan passengers’ arrivals and departures by steamer,
1943–1973 116
10.1 Census of the Chinese group individuals,
1928–1960 – Mozambique 244
vii
Acknowledgements
This book has its origin in a workshop held at the University of Oxford
between 24 and 27 September 2008, under the title ‘Diaspora, Empire, and
the Making of a Lusophone World’. The meeting was organised by Eric
Morier-Genoud and Luisa Pinto Teixeira and held thanks to the support of
the Instituto Camões, Oxford Research Network on Government in Africa
(OReNGA), the Department of Politics and International Relations, St John’s
and St Cross Colleges, University of Oxford.
For the workshop (and to make its proceedings into a book), we have
counted on the help of Robin Cohen, John Darwin, Gavin Williams,
Shihan de Silva, Patricia Goldey, Oliver Bakewell, Jan-Georg Deutsch, Neil
McFarlane, Wendy Urban-Mead, Victor Pereira, Sheila Pereira Khan, Jacinto
Godinho, Patricia Ferraz de Matos, Thomas Earle, James Davis, and Kate
Candy.
Institutional acknowledgment goes to Palgrave Macmillan (and its editor
Philippa Grand), the Researchers’ Association of the journal Lusotopie, the
Centre for the Study of Africa and Development (CEsA) at the Instituto
Superior de Economia e Gestão, Lisbon, Portugal, the Center Les Afriques
dans le monde, University of Bordeaux, and Queen’s University Belfast.
This book is published with the support of
(cid:77)(cid:1) the Association des chercheurs de la revue Lusotopie, France,
(cid:77)(cid:1) the Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux,
(cid:77)(cid:1) the Instituto Camões (through its Oxford’s branch, UK),
(cid:77)(cid:1) the Centro de Estudos sobre África e do Desenvolvimento (CEsA) of the
Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão da Universidade Técnica de
Lisboa (Portugal).
viii
Notes on Contributors
Edward A. Alpers is Professor of History at the University of California,
Los Angeles. He has taught at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(1966–1968), and the Somali National University, Lafoole (1980) – at the
latter as a Fulbright Senior Scholar. In 1994 he served as President of the
African Studies Association. He has published widely on the history of
East Africa and the Indian Ocean. His major publications include Ivory and
Slaves in East Central Africa (1975); Walter Rodney: Revolutionary and Scholar ,
co-edited with Pierre-Michel Fontaine (1982); S idis and Scholars: Essays on
African Indians , co-edited with Amy Catlin-Jairazbhoy (2004); Slave Routes
and Oral Tradition in Southeastern Africa , co-edited with Benigna Zimba and
Allen F. Isaacman (2005); R esisting Bondage in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia ,
co-edited with Gwyn Campbell and Michael Salman (2007); Cross-Currents
and Community Networks: The History of the Indian Ocean World , co-edited
with Himanshu Prabha Ray (2007); and E ast Africa and the Indian Ocean
(2009). His research focuses on slave trade and the dispersal of Africans in
the Indian Ocean world.
Molly B all i s a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles,
where she is completing her doctoral dissertation, entitled ‘Inequality in São
Paulo’s Old Republic (1891–1930): A Wage Perspective’. Her research focuses
on real wage determinants in the urban labour market, and she is particu-
larly interested in questions of gender and immigrant discrimination as well
as educational quality throughout Latin America. She received a Fulbright-
Hays and NSEP Boren Fellowship to complete her dissertation fieldwork.
Michel Cahen is a political historian of modern colonial Portugal and
contemporary Portuguese-speaking Africa. He is Senior Researcher at the
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) at the Institute of
Political Studies of Bordeaux and Deputy Director of the Centre ‘Les Afriques
dans le monde.’ From 1994 to 2009, he was Editor-in-Chief of Lusotopie , a
journal devoted to the political analysis of spaces stemming from Portuguese
colonisation and history. His main interests relate to Marxism and nation-
alism, identity and citizenship, political identity at the margins, coloniality,
and globalisation. His most recent books are O s outros. Um historiador em
Moçambique, 1994 (2003) and Le Portugal bilingue. Histoire et droits politiques
d’une minorité linguistique: La communauté mirandaise (2009).
Cláudia Castelo is a researcher at the Instituto de Investigação Científica
Tropical [Tropical Research Institute], Lisbon. She received her PhD in
2005 from the Instituto de Ciências Sociais of the Universidade de Lisboa,
ix
