Table Of ContentHongpeng Liu · Zichao Zhou · Yuhao Li ·
Wentao Wu · Jiabao Jiang · Enda Shi
Impedance
Source
Inverters
Impedance Source Inverters
Hongpeng Liu Zichao Zhou Yuhao Li
(cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129)
Wentao Wu Jiabao Jiang Enda Shi
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Impedance Source Inverters
123
HongpengLiu Zichao Zhou
Northeast Electric Power University Aalborg University
Jilin, China Aalborg, Denmark
Yuhao Li WentaoWu
DeltaElectronic Enterprise Management ChinaSouthern Power GridCo.,Ltd
(Shanghai) Co.,Ltd Shenzhen Power SupplyBureau
Shanghai, China Shenzhen,China
Jiabao Jiang Enda Shi
State GridZhejiang Electric Power Harbin Institute of Technology
CompanyHangzhou PowerSupply Harbin, China
Company
Hangzhou, China
ISBN978-981-15-2762-3 ISBN978-981-15-2763-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2763-0
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Contents
1 Research Status and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Traditional Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Energy Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Traditional Power Inverter Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Impedance Source Inverters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Classification and Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.1 Classification of Impedance Source Inverters. . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.2 Future Trend of Impedance Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4 Contents Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 Z-Source Inverter and Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1 Voltage-Fed Z-Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.1 Structure and Equivalent Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.2 Circuit Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.3 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2 Modulation Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.1 Simple Boost Pulse-Width Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.2 Maximum Boost Pulse-Width Modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.3 Other Boost Pulse-Width Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3 Closed-Loop Control of Shoot-Through Duty Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.2 Single-Loop Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.3 Dual-Loop Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3.4 Non-linear Control Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4 Current-Fed Z-Source Inverter and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4.1 Structure of Current-Fed Z-Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4.2 Modes of Current-Fed Z-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4.3 Modulation of Current-Fed Z-Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4.4 Closed-Loop Control of Current-Fed Z-Source
Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
v
vi Contents
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 Developments of Impedance Source Inverters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Topology Improvements with Constant Boost Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.1 Z-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.2 Improved Z-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.3 Neutral Point Z-Source Inverters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.4 Reduced Leakage Current Z-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.5 Quasi-Z-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2.6 Other Basic Z-Source Inverters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3 Topology Developments to Improve Boost Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.1 Switched Components Z-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.2 Tapped Inductor Z-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.3.3 Cascaded Quasi-Z-Source Inverters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.4 Coupled Inductor Z-Source Inverters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4 Multilevel and Multiplex Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.1 Three-Level Z-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.2 Five-Level Z-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.3 Cascaded Multilevel Z-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.4 Multiplex Z-Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.5 Parameter Optimization of Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.5.1 High-Frequency Transformer Isolated Z-Source
Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.5.2 Inductor Z-Source Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.5.3 Extended Quasi-Y-Source Topologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.5.4 Low DC-Link Voltage Spikes Y-Source Topologies . . . . . 65
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4 Dual-Winding Impedance Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1 T-Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2 Trans-Quasi-Z-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3 Improved Trans-Quasi-Z-Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.4 Transformer Quasi-Z-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.5 Inductor–Capacitor–Capacitor–Transformer ZSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.6 C-Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5 Three-Winding Impedance Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.1 Y-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2 Improved Y-Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Contents vii
5.3 Extended Quasi-Y-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.3.1 Startup Current Suppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.3.2 Operational States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.3.3 Current Ratings and Core Size of Coupled Inductor. . . . . . 92
5.3.4 Component Stresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.5 Loss of ST Duty Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.6 DC-Link Voltage Spikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.3.7 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.4 Modified Y-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6 Technology of DC-Link Voltage Spikes Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.2 Dual Diodes Capacitor–Diode Absorbing Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.2.1 Operational Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.2.2 Current Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.2.3 Voltage Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2.4 Switching Loss Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.2.5 Simulation and Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.2.6 Extension of Topologies Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.3 Single Diode Capacitor–Diode Clamping Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.4 Embedded Capacitor–Diode Absorbing Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.4.1 Operational States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.4.2 Current Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.4.3 Voltage Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.4 Voltage and Current Stress Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.4.5 Simulation and Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5 Cascaded Quasi-Z-Network Clamping Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.5.1 Operational Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.5.2 Current Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.5.3 Voltage Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.5.4 Stresses and Lifetime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.5.5 Extra Power Loss Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.5.6 Simulation and Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7 Impedance Source Inverters Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.1 Traditional Analysis of Voltage and Current Stresses . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.2 Novel Method to Analyze Voltage and Current Stresses . . . . . . . . 187
7.2.1 Current Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.2.2 Voltage Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.2.3 Method Applied to Other Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
viii Contents
7.3 Transient Analysis Based on Impedance Source Inverter. . . . . . . . 192
7.3.1 Derivation of the Novel Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.3.2 Switching Transient Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.3.3 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8 Reliability Research on Impedance Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.1 Existing Reliability Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.1.1 Basic Concept of Reliability and Evaluation Index . . . . . . 211
8.1.2 Method for Predicting Device Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
8.1.3 The Method for System Reliability Prediction. . . . . . . . . . 217
8.2 Failure Mechanism of Power Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
8.2.1 Structure of IGBT Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.2.2 Failure Mechanism of IGBT Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.2.3 Structure of Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
8.2.4 Failure Mechanism of Capacitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
8.3 Thermal Model of Power Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.3.1 Thermal Model of IGBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.3.2 Thermal Model of Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.4 Life Prediction of Impedance Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.4.1 Lifetime Models of IGBT Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.4.2 Lifetime Models of DC-Link Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.5 Reliability Analysis of Life Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
8.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
9 Application of Impedance Source Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
9.1 Application of Power Decoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
9.1.1 Power Decoupling Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
9.1.2 Application of Impedance Source Inverter
in Power Decoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
9.2 Application in Photovoltaic Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
9.2.1 Photovoltaic Power Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
9.2.2 MPPT Control and System Control Methods. . . . . . . . . . . 266
9.2.3 Example Demonstration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
9.3 Application in Wind Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
9.3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
9.3.2 Z-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
9.3.3 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
9.3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.4 Application on Motor Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.4.2 Z-Source Inverter-Based Permanent Magnet
Brushless DC Motor Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Contents ix
9.4.3 Z-Source Inverter-Based Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
9.4.4 Z‐Source Inverter-Based Switched Reluctance Motor. . . . . 286
9.4.5 Modified Z-Source Inverter-Based Three-Phase
Induction Motor Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
9.4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Chapter 1
Research Status and Development
Abstract Significant developments on highly performance, highly reliable and
highly efficient power electrical inverters are underway for renewable energy and
other industrial occasions. This chapter introduces the background of renewable
energy and traditional source inverters which are widely applied in solar PV and
wind power. Then current research status and advanced technologies related to
impedancesourceinvertersarepresented,includingtheconcepts,classification,and
future trends as well as the advantages compared with traditional source inverters.
1.1 Traditional Source Inverters
1.1.1 Energy Situation
Greenhouse gas emissions over the next decade have been projected in the Paris
Agreementandglobalaveragetemperatureriseisrequestedwellbelow2 °C,which
means the conventional generations should be replaced by decarbonized power
networks [1–3]. Building on the impetus of trend toward decarbonization, energy
industry steps in the era of distributed renewable energy resources (DRERs), such
as solar photovoltaic (PV), wind generation (WG), hydropower turbines,
bio-power, ocean power, concentrating solar power (CSP), and geothermal power
that all demand for hybrid inverters [4, 5].
Figure 1.1 reveals the annual global renewable power capacity in the level of
gigawatts(GW)from2007to2017[5].Itisobviousthattheworldtotalrenewable
power capacity has reached 2,195 GW in 2017, which is almost twice than that in
2007. Hydropower accounts for the largest share and is growing every year, while
the composition of solar PV and wind power increases significantly annually and
becomes one of the most important parts in the renewable power capacity. Other
renewable powers like bio-power, ocean, CSP, and geothermal power are devel-
oping which will be further studied in the future.
ThesolarPVglobalcapacityandannualadditionsfrom2007to2017areshown
inFig. 1.2[5].ThetotalglobalcapacityofsolarPVreaches402GWin2017which
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2763-0_1
