Impact of Littoral Environmental Variability of Acoustic Predictions and Sonar Performance

621 Pages·2002·29.23 MB·English

by  J. Lynch, A. Fredricks, J. Colosi, G. Gawarkiewicz, A. Newhall, C.S. Chiu, M. Orr (auth.), Nicholas G. Pace, Finn B. Jensen (eds.)

Impact of Littoral Environmental Variability on Acoustic Predictions
and Sonar Performance
Impact of Littoral Environmental
Variability of Acoustic Predictions
and Sonar Performance
Edited by
Niebolas G. Pace
and
Finn B. Jensen
SACLANT Undersea Research Centre,
La Spezia, ltaly
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com.
ISBN 978-94-010-3933-8 ISBN 978-94-010-0626-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-0I0-0626-2
Printedon acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2002 Springer Science+-Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xi
Section 1 - Ocean variability 1
Acoustic effects of environmental variability in the SWARM, PRIMER and
ASIAEX experiments (Jnvited paper)
J Lynch, A. Fredricks, J Colosi, G. Gawarkiewicz, A. Newhall,
C.-S. Chiu and M. Orr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Acoustic intensity variability in a shallow water environment
B.H. Pasewark, S.N. Wolf, M.H. Orr and JF Lynch .. 11
Combination of acoustics with high resolution oceanography (Invited paper)
J Sellschopp, P Nielsen and M. Siderius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Effect of hurricane Michael on the underwater acoustic environment of the
Scotian Shelf
D. Hutt, J Osler and D. Ellis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
High-frequency acoustic propagation in the presence of oceanographic
variability
M. Badiey, K. Wong and L. Lenain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Instrumented tow cable measurements of temperature variability of the water
colurnn
A.A. Ruffa and M. T. Sundvik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Mesoscale - small scale oceanic variability effects on underwater acoustic
signa1 propagation
E. Coelho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Spatial coherence of signals forward scattered from the sea surface in the
East China Sea (Jnvited paper)
PH. Dahl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Variability in high frequency acoustic backscattering in the water colurnn
A.C. Lavery, T.K. Stanton and PH. Wiebe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Section 2 - Seabed variability 71
Intra- and inter-regional geoacoustic variability in the littoral (Invited paper)
C. W Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Acoustic and in-situ techniques for measuring the spatial variability of seabed
geoacoustic parameters in littoral environments
JC. Osler, PC. Hines and M. V. Trevorrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Measurements ofbottom variability during SWAT New Jersey Shelf experiment
A. Turgut, D. Lavoie, D.J. Walter and WB. Sawyer . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
V
vi
Mapping seabed variability using combined echosounder and XBPs for sonar
performance prediction
K.M Kelly and G.J. Heald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Variability of shear wave speed and attenuation in surficial marine sediments
MD. Richardson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
In-situ determination of the variability of seatloor acoustic properties:
An example from the ONR Geoclutter area
L.A. Mayer, B.J. Kraft, P. Simpkin, P. Lavoie, E. Jabs and E. Lynskey . 115
Calculation of in situ acoustic wave properties in marine sediments
B.J. Kraft, L.A. Mayer, P. Simpkin, P. Lavoie, E. Jabs, E. Lynskey
and J.A. Gof! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Sub-bottom variability characterization using surface acoustic waves
(/nvited paper)
ME. Zakharia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
The intluence of noise and coherence tluctuations on a new geo-acoustic
inversion technique
C.H Harrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Estimating shallow water bottom geo-acoustic parameters using ambient noise
D. Tang ................................... 147
Effect of environmental variability on model-based signal processing: Review
of experimental results in the Mediterranean (Invited paper)
J.-P. Hermand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Rapid geoacoustic characterization for limiting environmental uncertainty for
sonar system performance prediction
K.D. Heaney and H Cox . ......................... 163
Environmental uncertainty in acoustic inversion
S.E. Dosso and M.J. Wilmut . . . . . . . . 171
Measuring the azimuthal variability of acoustic backscatter from littoral seabeds
(Invited paper)
P.C. Hines, J.C. Osler and D.J. MacDougald . .............. 179
Backscatter from elastic ocean bottoms: Using the small slope model to assess
acoustical variability and uncertainty
R.F. Gragg, R.J. Soukup and R. C. Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Spatial and temporal variability in bottom roughness: lmplications to high
frequency subcritical penetration and backscatter (Invited paper)
K.L. Williams, D.R. Jackson, E.I. Thorsos, D. Tang and K.B. Briggs . . 195
Variability ofbottom backscattering strengthin the 10-500 kHz band at shallow
grazing angles
NP. Chotiros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Predicting scattered envelope statistics of patchy seatloors (Invited paper)
A.P. Lyons, D.A. Abraham and E. Pouliquen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
The effect of seabed backscattering variability on the probability of detection
and on the performance of seabed classification algorithms
E. Pouliquen, L. Pautet and A.P. Lyons .................. 219
Vll
Section 3 - Acoustic fluctuations: Measurements 227
Effects of environmental variability on acoustic propagation loss in shallow
water (Invited paper)
T. Akal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Broadband acoustic signal variability in two "typical" shallow-water regions
P.L. Nie/sen, M. Siderius and J. Seilschapp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Variability, coherence and predictability of shallow water acoustic propagation
in the Straits of Florida
HA. DeFerrari, NJ. Wzlliams and HB. Nguyen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Ambient noise and signal uncertainties during the summer sheltbreak PRIMER
exercise
P. Abbot, C. Gedney, /. Dyer and C.-S. Chiu ............... 255
Variability effects due to shallow sediment gas in acoustic propagation: A case
study from the Malta Plateau
KM Kelly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Acoustic fluctuations and their harmonic structure
R. Field, J. Newcomb, J. Showalter, J. George and Z. Hailock . . . . . 271
Group and phase speed ana1ysis for predicting and mitigating the effects of
fluctuations (Invited paper)
W.A. Kuperman, S. Kim, G.F Edelmann, W.S. Hodgkiss, HC. Song and
T. Akal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
High-frequency propagation for acoustic communications (lnvited paper)
MB. Porter, P. Hursky, M Siderius, VK McDonald and P. Baxley 287
Channel impulse response fluctuations at 6 kHz in shallow water
W.S. Hodgkiss, W.A. Kuperman and D.E. Ensberg . . . . . . . . . 295
High resolution analysis of eigenray gain perturbations in ultra-shallow water
S.M Simmons, O.R. Hinton, A.E. Adams, B.S. Sharif and J.A. Neasham 303
hnpact of flow variability on fixed side-looking 100 kHz sonar performance
in a shallow channel
M Trevorrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Correlation between sonar echoes and sea bottom topography
J. Wegge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Section 4 - Acoustic fluctuations: Models 327
Acoustic scattering in wave-covered shallow water. The coherent field
(lnvited paper)
B.J. Uscinski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Simulations of temporal and spatial variability in shallow water propagation
E./. Thorsos, FS. Henyey, KL. Wzlliams, W.T. Elam and S.A. Reynolds . 337
Assessing the variability of near-boundary surface and volume reverberation
using physics-based scattering models
R.C. Gauss, J.M Fialkowski and D. Wurmser .............. 345
Modeling propagation and reverberation sensitivity to oceanographic and seabed
variability
KD. LePage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Vlll
Uncertainty in reverberation modeHing and a related experiment
C.H Harrison, M. Prior and A. Baldacci ......... . 361
Statistics of the waveguide invariant distribution in a random ocean
D. Rouseff . ....................... . 369
Effects of environmental variability on focused acoustic fields
B.E. McDonald, J. Lingevitch and M. Collins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Effects of sound speed fluctuations due to irrtemal waves in shallow water on
horizontal wavenumber estimation
K.M. Becker and G. V. Frisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Relative influences of various environmental factors on 50--1000 Hz so und
propagation in shelf and s1ope areas
T.F. Duda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Sub-mesoscale modeling of environmental variability in a shelf-slope region
and the effect on acoustic fluctuations
S. Finette, T. Evans and C. Shen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Yellow Sea irrtemal solitary wave variability
A. Warn- Varnas, S. Chin-Bing, D. King, J. Hawkins, K. Lamb and
M. Teixeira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Four-dimensional data assirnilation for coupled physical-acoustical fields
P.F.J. Lermusiaux and C. -S. Chiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Source localization in a highly variable shallow water environment: Results
from ASCOT- 01 (Invited paper)
M. Siderius, P. Nielsen and J. Sellschopp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Experimental testing of the blind ocean acoustic tomography concept
S.M. Jesus, C. Soares, J. Onofre, E. Coelho and P. Picco . . . . . . . . 433
Benchmarking geoacoustic inversion methods for range dependent waveguides
(Invited paper)
N.R. Chapman, S. Chin-Bing, D. King and R.B. Evans . . . . . . . . . . 441
Adjoint-assisted inversion for shallow water environment parameters
P. Hursky, M.B. Porter, B.D. Cornuelle, WS. Hodgkiss and
WA. Kuperman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Tidal effects on MFP via the INTIMATE96 test
A. Tolstoy, S. Jesus and 0. Rodriguez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Multipath effect on DPCA micronavigation of a synthetic aperture sonar
L. Wang, G. Davies, A. Bellettini and M. Pinto . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Sea surface simulator for testing a synthetic aperture sonar
B. Davis, P. Gough and B. Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Using a faceted rough surface environmental model to simulate shallow-water
SAS imagery
A.J. Hunter, M.P. Hayes and P. T. Gough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
A study of ping-to-ping coherence of the seabed response
L. Pautet, E. Pouliquen and G. Canepa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Variability of the acoustic response from spherical shells buried in the seabed
by model-based analysis of the at-sea data
A. Tesei, A. Maguer, WL.J. Fox, R. Lim and H Schmidt . . . . . . . . . 497
lX
Section 5 - Sonar signal processing and performance predictions 505
Performance bounds on the detection and localization in a stochastic ocean
A.B. Baggeroer and H. Schmidt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Robust adaptive processing in littoral regions with environmental uncertainty
L.M Zurk, N. Lee and B. Tracey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
A robust model-based algorithm for localizing marine marnmal transients
C. 0. Tiemann, MB. Porter and J.A. Bildebrand . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Assessment of the impact of uncertainty in seabed geoacoustic parameters on
predicted sonar performance
MK. Prior, C.H. Harrison and S.G. Healy ................ 531
Reverberation envelope statistics and their dependence on sonar beamwidth
and bandwidth
D.A. Abraham and A.P. Lyons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
The role of nowcast and forecast input parameters for range dependent trans-
rnission models
J.S. Sendt, A.D. Jones and J.R. Exelby .................. 547
Are current environmental databases adequate for sonar predictions in shallow
water?
C.M Ferla and F.B. Jensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Yellow Sea acoustic uncertainty caused by hydrographic data error
P. C. Chu, C.J. Citron, S.D. Haeger, D. Schneider, R.E. Keenan and
D.N. Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Detection of sonar induced measurement uncertainties in environmental
sensing: A case study with the toroidal volume search sonar
C. de Maustier and T. C. Gallaudet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Environmental variability of the LBVDS sea tests
S. Sutherland-Pietrzak and E. McCarthy . . . . . . . . . . . 579
AREA: Adaptive Rapid Environmental Assessment (lnvited paper)
H. Schmidt ....................... . 587
Environmentally adaptive sonar contro1 in a tactica1 setting
WL.J. Fox, M U. Hazen, C.J. Eggen, R.J. Marks !I and
MA. El-Sharkawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Transfer ofuncertainties through physica1-acoustica1-sonar end-to-end systems:
A conceptua1 basis
A.R. Robinson, P. Abbat, P.F.J. Lermusiaux and L. Dillman . . . 603
Sonar performance predictions incorporating environmenta1 variabi1ity
P. Abbat and I. Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Author Index 619
lncluding a CD-Rom with a.o. color images
PREFACE
The limiting influence of the environment on sonar has long been recognised as a major
challenge to science and technology. As the area of interest shifts towards the lit-
toral, environmental influences become dominant both in time and space. The manyfold
challenges encompass prediction, measurement, assessment and adaptive responses to
maximize the effectiveness of systems. Although MCM and ASW activities are dom-
inated in different ways and scales by the environment, both warfare areas have had
to consider the significantly changing requirements posed by operations in the littoraL
The fundamental scientific issues involved in developing models relating acoustics to
the environment are matched in difficulty by the need for data for their validation and
eventual practical use for prediction. In many instances the need is for on-line adaptation
of systems to changing circumstances whilst other needs are for the Ionger term planning
activities.
This book and the attached full-color CD are the proceedings of a conference organ-
ised by the SACLANT Undersea Research Centre, held at Villa Marigola, Lerici, Italy,
on 16-20 September 2002. The fundamental problems associated with environmental
variability and sonar were explored at a previous SACLANTCEN conference in 1990.1
These problems have not gone away but, on the one hand are exaggerated by the move
to the littoral and on the other hand, are open to treatrnent in new ways that advances
in technology and computer power allow.
Oceanographers, acousticians, sonar systems engineers and operators need closer
understanding of each others problems; we hope that this conference provides some
momentum in this direction. One of us (FBJ) is going to chair a special session at the
ASA meeting in December 2002 in Cancun, Mexico, which in many ways can be seen
as a continuation of this conference both in topic and attendees.
The support of ONR through the good offices of Jeff Simmen is much appreciated.
N.G. Pace and F.B. Jensen
La Spezia, May 2002
10cean Variability & Acoustic Propagation, edited by Jobn Potter and Alex Wam-Vamas
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1990) 608 pp.
Xl
Section 1
IDcean Var·ability