Table Of Content—
2015. The Journal ofArachnology 43:86-89
C0
Impact of elevated on growth, development, and reproduction of the wolf spider,
2
Pardosa astrigera (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Ling Zuo1, Cheng Chen1, Ling Qi1, Feng-Xiang Liu1, Yue-li Yun1 and Yu Peng1'2: 'Centre for Behavioral Ecology &
Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; 2Hubei Collaborative Innovation
Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R.
China. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The effects of elevated C02 concentration on spiders were studied using third-instar spiderlings of the wolf
spider Pardosa astrigera L. Koch 1878 in C02 climate chambers with two different concentrations ofC02 (low, 370 ppm
and high, 750 ppm). The food intake and total developmental period of spiderlings reared at high C02 concentration
increasedsignificantly, and thebody lengthandweightofadult spidersdecreasedcompared tothosein the low-C02group.
The oviposition rate offemale P. astrigera and the hatching rate ofeggs did not differ between the high- and low-C02
groups, but the numberofeggsacsand the total numberofeggsproduced by females from the high-C02 groupdecreased.
These results suggest that elevated C02 concentrations are harmful to the growth, development, and reproduction of P.
astrigera.
Keywords: Body length, body weight, oviposition rate
Elevated atmosphericcarbon dioxide (C02)concentration is METHODS
thought to be the main reason for global climate change and Spider collection and rearing.—Subadult individuals of P.
the greenhouse effect. Climatic records show that the astrigera were collected from farm fields in Ma’anshan Forest
raattmeosopfh1e.r9ipcpCm0si2ncceon1c9e9n5t.rIattiisonesthiamsatiendcrtehaastetdheatatamnosapnhneurailc APparrikl, aWnudhaMnay(3200°125.2'VNo.u1c1h4e°r3s1'pEe)c,imHeunbseiwePrreovdienpcoes,itCehdinian,thien
C02 concentration will rise to 540-970 ppm by 2100 (IPCC Centre for Behavioral Ecology & Evolution, College of Life
2013). Because of the increasing atmospheric C02 concentra- Sciences, Hubei University, China.
tion, studying its effects on organisms has been a very popular Spiders were kept individually in cylindrical glass tubes
subject in ecological research (Cannon 1998; Stiling & (diameter 2 cm. height 12 cm) with a layer of sponge (1.5 cm
Cornelissen 2007; Ge et al. 2010; Cornelissen 2011; Foss thick) moistened with water on the bottom. The tubes were
et al. 2013). Studies to date have mostly investigated the plugged with cotton. The spiders were kept in a chamber at
influence of elevated C02 on plants, phytophagous insects, 24°C and relative humidity of 60-80% under a light: dark
and natural enemy insects (predators and parasitoids) cycle of 14:10 h (lights turned on at 08:00). Every two days, we
(Lincoln et al. 1984; Bezemer & Jones 1998; Wu et al. 2006; fed the spiders with adults ofDrosophilamelanogastercultured
Chen et al. 2007; Ge et al. 2010). However, it remains unclear under normal C0 concentration. Two days post-maturation,
how an elevated C02 concentration impacts spiders, a key females and males2were placed together for mating. The male
predator of insects. was removed after the female deposited the first egg sac.
Elevated atmospheric C02 concentrations have direct effects Following the emergence of second-instar spiderlings and
on the growth, chemistry, and physiology of plants (Lindroth dispersal from the female's abdomen, siblings from different
et al. 1993; Roth & Lindroth 1995; Lin & Wang 2002; Veteli et egg sacs were separated and reared individually, with D.
al. 2002; Chen et al. 2005a). For phytophagous and natural melanogaster provided as food. Once the second-instar
enemyinsects,elevatedC02concentrationindirectlyaffecttheir spiderlings molted, they were used for the following experi-
growth, development, and reproduction (Brooks & Whittaker ments.
T998; Deng et al. 2002; Chen et al. 2005b, 2007; Wu et al. 2006, Spiderling rearing in different C02 concentrations. A total
2007; Cornelissen 2011; Foss et al. 2013). of 300 third-instar spiderlings were randomly selected from
Spiders play important roles in controlling pests (Marc et al. different egg sacs and reared individually in cylindrical glass
1999; Barrion et al. 2012) and monitoring environmental tubes (diameter 2 cm, height 12 cm) and then divided into two
conditions (Babczynska et al. 2011; Chen et al. 2011). groups (150 in each group). The spiderlings were reared under
Understanding the effects of elevated C02 concentration on low C02 (370 ppm) and high C02 (750 ppm) concentrations in
spiders will contribute to better protection and utilization of C02 artificial climate chambers (CC350TLHC type, Chang-
them. The objective ofthis study was to determine the effects zhou Okefenokee Instrument Co., LTD). The concentrations
ofelevated C02 concentration on spiders. We investigated the ofC02 were set according to Chen et al. (2005b) and Ge et al.
food intake, molting, clutch size and egg hatch of the wolf (2010); the current concentration of atmospheric C02 is
spider Pardosa astrigera L. Koch 1878 under different C02 370 ppm, and 750 ppm is approximately double the current
concentrations. Based on previous studies about predatory level. Each C02 concentration was repeated three times by
insects (Chen et al. 2007; Ge et al. 2010), we hypothesized that using three chambers, with 50 spiderlings in each chamber.
an elevated C02 concentration could have either harmful or The chambers were set at 25°C and relative humidity of40%-
beneficial effects on the spiders. 60% with a light: dark cycle of 14:10 h (lights turned on at
86
.
ZUO ET AL- IMPACT OF ELEVATED CO ON A WOLF SPIDER 87
:
—
Table 2. Body lengths (mm) of adult Pardosa astrigera under
different C02 concentrations (n = 10).
C0 concentration (ppm)
2
Sex ofspider 370 750 t P
Female 9.70 ± 0.84 7.10 ± 0.42 2.66 0.026
Male 8.30 ± 0.45 5.40 ± 0.42 3.14 0.012
lengths (from front edge ofcarapace to the end of abdomen)
by using an ocular micrometer under a microscope (DFC495
type, LEICA).
—
Statistical analysis. Data were expressed as mean ±
standard deviation. The differences between treatments were
compared by Student’s t-test.
370 ppm 750 ppm RESULTS
oDfifFfiPegarurerdnetosl1ae.t—taesrEstfrfaiegbceotrvaoefftdehideffceoornelnutmDnrCos0soi2pndhciioclnaacteenmtserilgaantniifooigncasasnttoenrdiff(ofneorde=nicnets1a0ki)e.n stipoiTndherewlaiscnogssnisgounfimfpPi.tciaanostntlryioghfeirgDah.erremaetrlheaadnnoagattatsththeeerhlibogywh CCth00e22tcchooinnrdcc-eeinnnttsrrtaaa--r
foodintake ofspidersmaintained underdifferentC02concentrations tion (t-test, df= 9, t = 3.39, P = 0.008) (Figure 1).
(t-test, df= 9, t = 3.39, P = 0.008). The duration of development (days) for each instar (t-test,
P < 0.05) and the total duration (t-test, dfl = 65, df2 = 53, t =
08:00). The spiderlings were fed adults ofD. melanogaster and 2.96, P = 0.0037) for the spiderlings were significantly longer
the sponges were replaced every two days. for the spiderlings kept under high C02 concentration than
Measurement offood intake ofspiderlings.—The food intake under low C02 concentration (Table 1). This suggested that
of third-instar spiderlings (// = 10) under different C02 elevated C02 caused the spiderlings to mature later, prolong-
concentrations was investigated. Fifteen fruit flies (D ing the total development time.
melanogaster) were provided at 17:00 and the number of The body length of female P. astrigera was longer than in
living flies was recorded the next day at 09:00. The difference males kept under the same C02 concentration (Table 2). Body
between the initial and final number of flies was taken to be lengths of both adult females (t-test, df = 9, t = 2.66, P =
the food intake ofthe spiderlings. 0.026) and males (t-test, df — 9, t = 3.14, P = 0.012) of the
Assessment o—f developmental duration, body length, weight, high-C02 group were shorter than those of the low-C02
and fecundity. Molts were recorded when exuviae were group. This showed that the body lengths of mature spiders
observed in the tube, and the time between molts was used were decreased under the high C02 concentration.
as a measure of developmental duration. Two days post- The body weight offemales of P. astrigera was also higher
maturation, the females of P. astrigera (n = 15) were than that of males under the same C02 concentration. The
randomly paired with a mature male and left together for body weights of both female (t-test, df = 9, t = 4.78, P =
48 h to mate. Oviposition rate, the number ofegg sacs laid by O.001) and male spiders (t-test, df — 9, t = 2.92, P = 0.017)
the females (n = 10), the total number of eggs {n = 15), and reared at the low C02 concentration were heavier than those
hatching rate ofthe eggs (n = 4) were observed and recorded reared at high C02 (Table 3).
for each treatment (Chen et al. 201 1). Ten female and 10 male There were no differences in the oviposition rate of female
spiders from different treatments were randomly selected and P. astrigera (t-test, df= 14, t = 0, P = 1.0) or the hatching rate
weighed to the nearest 0.01 mg by using electronic balance of eggs (t-test, df= 3, t = 1.01, P = 0.37) between the high-
(FA1004N type, HANGPING). Then, the above 20 spider and low-C02 groups (Table 4). However, the number of egg
individuals were killed in 75% alcohol to measure the body sacs produced by the females from the high-C02 group was
lower than the number produced by the low-C02 group (t-test,
Table 1.—Developmental durations (days) of spiderlings of df= 9, t = 2.69, P = 0.025), and the total number ofeggs of
Pardosa astrigera under different C02 concentrations. Data were the high-C02 group was also lower than in the low-C02 group
expressed as Mean ± standard deviation. The differences between (t-test, df= 14, t = 3.49, P = 0.0036).
different C02 concentrations were compared by Student’s t-test. The
same notation is used in Tables 2- 4.
—
C02 concentration (ppm) Table 3. Body masses (mg) of adult Pardosa astrigera under
Items 370 750 t P different C02 concentrations (« = 10).
3rd instar 15.4 ± 0.6 20.6 ± 0.9 2.31 0.025 C02 concentration (ppm)
45tthh iinnssttaarr 1136..32 ±± 00..59 2159..10 ±± 00..74 22..9279 00..003018 Sex ofspider 370 750 t P
6th instar 17.1 ± 0.9 22.4 ± 0.4 2.58 0.022 Female 41.3 ± 8.6 33.5 ± 2.7 4.78 0.001
Total 61.8 ± 2.4 87.1 ± 1.5 2.96 0.0037 Male 31.9 ± 0.6 22.4 ± 0.5 2.92 0.017
88 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY
Table 4.—Fecundity of female Pardosa astrigera under different impact of elevated C0 on the reproduction of arthropods
2
C02 concentrations varies among species.
C0 concentration (ppm) In summary, the high C02 concentration proved to be
2 harmful to the growth, development, and reproduction of P.
Items 370 750 t P astrigera. The results of this experiment increase understand-
Oviposition rate (%) 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 0 1.0 Cin0g of the responses ofspiders reared in elevated atmospheric
Number ofegg sacs 5.6 ± 0.9 2.8 ± 0.8 2.69 0.025 2 concentration.
Total number ofeggs 229.6 ± 39.8 125.3 ± 34.9 3.49 0.0036 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Hatching rate (%) 100 ± 0 83.7 ± 15.6 1.01 0.37
This study was supported by the National Natural Science
Fund of China (31071895), and the Key Scientific and
DISCUSSION Technological Projects of Hubei (2013BEC035) and Wuhan
nitUrnodgeenr coantheingthofcopnlcaennttsradteicorneasoefs,aatnmdosdpehfeorliicatiCng0i2n,setchtes (re2v0i1e4w0e2r0s10f1o0r10s0u7g4g)e.stiWones aanred girmaptrefouvlemteontstwoto athniosnymmaonuus-
will increase their feeding rate in order to compensate for the script. We also thank Dr. Janet W. Reid (JWR Associates,
nutritional loss caused by the lower nitrogen content of the New York, USA) for editing the English text.
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