Immunology, 8th edition

590 Pages·2012·43.66 MB·English

by  David Male MA PhD

IMMUNOLOGY
ForElsevier:
AcquisitionEditor:MadeleneHyde
DevelopmentalEditor:AndreaVosburgh
EditorialAssistant:MargaretNelson
ProjectManager:LucyBoon
DesignManager:KirsteenWright
IllustrationsManager:GillianRichards
MarketingManager:JasonOberacker
EIGHTH EDITION
IMMUNOLOGY
David Male
PhD MA
Professor of Biology
Department of Life Sciences
The Open University
Milton Keynes, UK
Jonathan Brostoff
MA DM DSc FRCP FRCPath FIBiol
Professor Emeritus of Allergy and Environmental Health
School of Biomedicaland HealthSciences
King’s College London
London, UK
David B Roth
MD PhD
SimonFlexner Professor and Chair ofPathology and Laboratory Medicine
Department of Pathologyand Laboratory Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Ivan M Roitt
MADSc (Oxon)Hon FRCP (Lon)FRCPath FRS
Director,CentreforInvestigative and Diagnostic Oncology
MiddlesexUniversity
London, UK
Copyright#2013,2006,2001byElsevierLtd.
FirsteditionpublishedbyGowerMedicalPublishingLtd.,1985
SecondEditionpublishedbyGowerMedicalPublishingLtd.,1989
ThirdEditionpublishedbyMosby-YearBookEuropeLtd.,1993
FourthEditionpublishedbyMosby,animprintofTimesMirrorInternationalPublishers,1996
FifthEditionpublishedbyMosby,animprintofTimesMirrorInternationalPublishers,1998
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany
means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrieval
system,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
Notice
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden
ourknowledge,changesinpractice,treatmentanddrugtherapymaybecomenecessaryorappropriate.
Readersareadvisedtocheckthemostcurrentinformationprovided(i)onproceduresfeaturedor(ii)by
themanufacturerofeachproducttobeadministered,toverifytherecommendeddoseorformula,the
methodanddurationofadministration,andcontraindications.Itistheresponsibilityofthepractitioner,
relyingontheirownexperienceandknowledgeofthepatient,tomakediagnoses,todeterminedosagesand
thebesttreatmentforeachindividualpatient,andtotakeallappropriatesafetyprecautions.Tothefullest
extentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheEditorsassumesanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamageto
personsorpropertyarisingoutoforrelatedtoanyuseofthematerialcontainedinthisbook.
ThePublisher
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
Mainedition
ISBN:978-0-323-08058-3
Internationaledition
ISBN:978-0-702-04548-6
PrintedinChina.
The
Publisher's
policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests
Contents
Preface vii 11 Regulation of theImmune Response 183
David Bending
List of Contributors ix
12 Immune Responses in Tissues 199
SECTION 1
David Male
Components of theImmune System 1
1 Introduction totheImmune System 3 SECTION 3
David Male Defense AgainstInfectiousAgents 209
2 Cells, Tissues, and Organsof the 13 Immunity to Viruses 211
Immune System 17 Persephone Borrow and AnthonyANash
PeterM Lydyard and NinoPorakishvili
14 Immunity to Bacteria and Fungi 223
3 Antibodies 51 GregoryJ Bancroft
RoyJefferis
15 Immunity to Protozoaand Worms 243
4 Complement 71 Richard J Pleass
B Paul Morgan
16 Primary Immunodeficiencies 263
5 TCell Receptors and MHC Molecules 89 LuigiDNotarangelo
David B Roth
17 AIDS, SecondaryImmunodeficiency
and Immunosuppression 277
SECTION 2 Dean HKedes and Lisa ANichols
Modes of Immune Response 107
18 Vaccination 289
ColinCasimir
6 Mechanisms of Innate Immunity 109
David Male
SECTION 4
7 Mononuclear Phagocytes in Immune
Immune Responses AgainstTissues 305
Defense 125
Luisa Martinez-Pomares and 19 Immunological Tolerance 307
Siamon Gordon Thomas Kamradt
8 Antigen Presentation 143 20 Autoimmunity and Autoimmune
David Male Disease 323
James EPetersand David AIsenberg
9 Cell Cooperation in the Antibody
Response 157 21 Transplantation andRejection 341
JosephC Marini and Kalpit AVora Andrew J TGeorge
10 Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity 171 22 Immunity to Cancers 355
VictoriaMale Pramod K Srivastava
v
Contents
Appendices online
SECTION 5
1. Major Histocompatibility Complex
Hypersensitivity 369
2. CD System
23 Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I) 371
3. The Major Cytokines
Thomas AEPlatts-Mills
4. Human Chemokines and Their Receptors
24 Hypersensitivity(Type II) 393
Critical thinking: Explanations 433
David Male
Glossary 445
25 Hypersensitivity(Type III) 405
Index 455
David P D’Cruz
26 Hypersensitivity(Type IV) 419
Warwick J Britton
vi
Preface
InpreviouseditionsofImmunology,wehaveusedthepref- system–cells,organs,complement,andthemajorreceptor
acetooutlinethemajorimmunologicaladvancesthathave molecules,includingantibodies,Tcellreceptors,andMHC
taken place since the previous edition. Recently, however, molecules. The second section deals with the initiation of
advances in the teaching of biomedical science have been the immune response starting with innate defenses and
just as striking as advances in immunology. Students now mononuclearphagocytes.Theunitonantigenpresentation,
learnfromavarietyofinterlinkedmedia,includingbooks, costimulation and cell activation pathways precedes units
DVDs, and websites. This edition of Immunology reflects on the principal effector arms of the immune response,
these changes in science teaching. We have produced this TH2 responses with antibody production, TH1 responses
edition as an integrated teaching package, which is pre- andmononuclearphagocytes,TH17cellsandinflammation
sentedin twoformats. Inboth casesthey can beread asa andthefunctionsofcytotoxicTcellsandNKcells.Thefinal
continuous narrative but they have slightly different unitsinthissectionlookintotheregulationoftheimmune
content: response, and there is an expanded unit on the distinctive
typesofimmuneresponsethatdevelopindifferenttissues
(cid:129) thebookcontainswhatweconsidertobethecoreareas
of the body. Although it has long been recognized that
andconceptsofimmunology
immune responses in tissues vary, the underlying reasons
(cid:129) theelectronicteachingpackageincludesallthematerial
forthedifferencesareonlyjustbeingelucidated.
inthebook,plusadditionalsectionswithinthechapters,
Section three describes the immune responses that de-
whichexpandonthecorematerialandprovide
velopagainstdifferenttypesofinfection,andhowimmuno-
backgroundonimmunologicalmethods.Italsoprovides
deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to particular
activelinkstothepublisher’swebsiteandexternal
infections. Indeed the diversity and complexity of the
websites,andallowsmoreinnovativeuseofvideoand
immune system can only be understood in relation to the
questionswithinthetextandattheendofthechapters.
diversity of the pathogens whichit protects against. In re-
Moreover, the availability of much essential information cent years, the devious strategies employed by pathogens
onlinemeansthatitisnowbettertoprovidelinkstoweb- toevadeimmuneresponseshaveprovidedsomequitestar-
sitesthatareupdatedregularly,ratherthanrelyonprinted tlingrevelations,bothontheadaptabilityofthepathogens
tablesof,forexample,CDmoleculesandcytokines. and on the flexibility of the immune system. Ultimately
Inthepast5years,therehavealsobeenmajoradvancesin the immune system can only be understood in relation to
immunology, particularly in our understanding of innate itsprincipalfunction–defenseagainstpathogens.
immunedefenses,andimmunerecognitionsystems.These Sectionfourdescribesimmuneresponsesagainsttissues,
evolutionarily ancient mechanisms for recognizing patho- and section five hypersensitivity. These areas are of great
gen, have been retained in mammals and indeed have clinical importance. One aim of this book is to provide
developed alongside the adaptive immune system. In the readerswithasoundunderstandingoftheimmunerespon-
eightheditionofImmunology,wehaveexpandedoninnate ses which underlie clinically important areas including
immunity throughoutthe text.Thistrulyreflectsthe way hypersensitivitystatesandallergy,immunopathology,tumor
theimmunesystemoperateswiththeintegrationofancient immunotherapy, and transplantation. In these sections, we
andrecently-evolvedimmunedefenses. havemaintainedwhatwebelievetobeanimportantfeature
Other areas that receive greater coverage are tissue- of the book, namely a clear description of the scientific
specific immune defenses, T cell subsets and the use of principlesofclinicalimmunology,integratedwithhistology,
monoclonalantibodiesindiseasetherapy.Itisveryexciting pathology,andclinicalexamples.
toseehowadvancesinantibodytechnologyhavenowcom- Afeatureofthetextistheinclusionofin-textquestions.
binedwithourknowledgeoftheimmunesystemtoprovide Thesearedesignedtocheckthatthereaderunderstandsthe
effective treatments for a number of diseases, including implicationsoftheprecedingparagraphsorcanrelatethat
multiplesclerosisandrheumatoidarthritis. material to information in earlier units. Another useful
Despitethesechanges,wehaveretainedtheoverallorga- learningaidisthecriticalthinkingsectionsattheendofeach
nization of the subject material within five sections. The unit.Finally,wehaveputalotofcareintothesummaries,
openingsectiondescribesthebuildingblocksoftheimmune ensuring that they really do distil the key aspects, into a
vii
Preface
manageable overview. The summaries make an excellent biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, structural biology and
revision guide for exams, in addition to setting the frame- molecular biology. For the past century, immunology has
workforeachsubjectarea. fascinated and inspired some of the greatest scientific
Thecontributorstothisvolumeincludemanyexpertsin thinkers of our time. We wish our readers well in their
differentareasofimmunology,including14newcontribu- study of immunology, a subject which continues to excite
torswhohavebroughtnewperspectivesontheirownareas and surprise us, and which underpins many other areas of
of expertise. We also greatly appreciate the hard work of biologyandbiomedicalsciences.
our publishers and their colleagues, particularly, Andrea DavidMale
Vosburgh,LucyBoonandMadeleneHydefromElsevier. JonathanBrostoff
Immunology bridges basic sciences and medicine and DavidRoth
encompasses approaches from numerous fields, including IvanRoitt2012
The following are standard shapes which are used consistently throughout the book
complement
lymphocyte basophil antibodies system molecules
plasma cell megakaryocyte LFA-I
MHC class I
antigen-
APC presenting
cell mast cell ICAM-I
MHC class II
macrophage
platelets
B7
CD8 complement control
protein (CCP) domains
antigen
erythrocyte CD28
tyrosine
CD4
processed kinase
antigen
neutrophil
TNF receptor
T-cell family domains
bacteria
receptor
eosinophil virus Fc
receptor Ig super family
domains
becomes stimulates/enhances inhibits/kills
–wherethisiconisfoundinthemargin,itindicatesmorematerialisavailableonstudentconsult.com
viii
List of Contributors
Gregory J Bancroft BSc(Hons)PhD AndrewJTGeorgeMAPhDFRCPathFHEAFRSA
Reader Professor of MolecularImmunology
Department of Immunology and Infection Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine
LondonSchoolof Hygieneand TropicalMedicine ImperialCollege London
London, UK London, UK
David Bending MA PhD SiamonGordon MBDhBPhD
ArthritisResearchUK Foundation Fellow GlaxoWellcome Professor of Cellular Pathology
UCL, Instituteof ChildHealth Emeritus
London, UK Sir William DunnSchoolof Pathology
PersephoneBorrowPhD OxfordUniversity
Oxford,UK
Reader
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine
David AIsenberg
University of Oxford
The Centre for Rheumatology Research
Oxford,UK
Department of Medicine
Warwick J Britton PhD MB BSBScMedFRACP University College London
FRCP FRCPA DTM&H London, UK
Bosch Professor of Medicine and Professor
Roy JefferisBSc PhD FRSC CChem MRCP
of Immunology
FRCPath DSc
Department of Medicine
Professor Emeritus
Sydney MedicalSchool
School of Immunityand Infection
University of Sydney;
University of Birmingham
Head, Mycobacterial ResearchProgram
Birmingham, West Midlands,UK
Centenary Institute
Sydney,NSW, Australia
Thomas KamradtDr med
Jonathan Brostoff MADM DScFRCP Professor
FRCPath FIBiol Instituteof Immunology
ProfessorEmeritusofAllergyandEnvironmentalHealth University of Jena
School of Biomedicaland HealthSciences Jena, Germany
King’s College London
Dean HKedes BScPhD MD
London, UK
Associate Professor
Colin Casimir BSc PhD Myles HThalerCenter for AIDS and
Senior Lecturer Retrovirology Research
Department of NaturalSciences Departments of Microbiology and Medicine
MiddlesexUniversity University of Virginia
London, UK Charlottesville, Virginia,USA
David PD’CruzMD FRCP
Consultant Rheumatologist and Reader
The Louise Coote LupusUnit
St Thomas’Hospital
London, UK
ix