Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals. Emerging Technologies

371 Pages·1995·33.52 MB·English

by  Judd O. Nelson

ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 586
Immunoanalysis
of Agrochemicals
Emerging Technologies
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http://1995- Judd O. Nelson, EDITOR
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October 5 | doi: 1 University of California—Berkeley
36 on 3, 199 Rosie B. Wong, EDITOR
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wnlubli Developed from a symposium sponsored
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at the 207th National Meeting
of the American Chemical Society,
San Diego, California,
March 13-17, 1994
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1995
In Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals; Nelson, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Immunoanalysis of agrochemicals: emerging technologies / Judd O.
Nelson, Alexander E. Karu, Rosie B. Wong, editors.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 586)
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Agro­
chemicals at the 207th National Meeting of the American Chemical
Society, San Diego, California, March 13-17,1994."
cs.org w001 Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
bs.a86.f ISBN 0-8412-3149-4
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htt19 Rosie B. IV. American Chemical Society. Division of Agrochemicals.
2 | bk- V. American Chemical Society. Meeting (207th: 1994: San Diego,
14, 2010.1021/ CRaAli1f2.)7 0V.AI4. I4S6e rie1s9.9 5
October 5 | doi: 1 615.9'07—dc20 95-59C68IP
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES AMERICA
In Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals; Nelson, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995.
1995 Advisory Board
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
Robert J. Alaimo Cynthia A. Maryanoff
Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical
Research Institute
Mark Arnold
University of Iowa Roger A. Minear
bs.acs.org 86.fw001 DUnaivviedrs iBtya okfe Tr ennessee Unaivt eUrsribtya noaf- CIllhinaomisp aign
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http://1995- Arindam Bose AT&T Bell Laboratories
2 | bk- Pfizer Central Research
October 14, 2015 | doi: 10.1021/ RNMaoavbrayel rREte .sF eC.a arBcsrhtae Ldllayibo, onJr ra.t ory VUNGnoienirovtcherer gsCneitaty rWP ooleif.n c MRao iorScabtharietgoera t nUs niversity
36 on 3, 199 ChemEdit Company John R. Shapley
4.1h 2 Margaret A. Cavanaugh University of Illinois
63.3Marc National Science Foundation at Urbana-Champaign
1
by 89.Date: AUnritvheursri tyB .o fE Wlliiss consin at Madison DCoonucgulraresn tA T. eScmhniotlho gies Corporation
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wnlubli University of Kansas DuPont
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Madeleine M. Joullie Michael D. Taylor
University of Pennsylvania TSRL, Inc.
Lawrence P. Klemann William C. Walker
Nabisco Foods Group DuPont
Douglas R. Lloyd Peter Willett
The University of Texas at Austin University of Sheffield (England)
In Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals; Nelson, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995.
Foreword
IHE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to
provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book
form. The purpose of this series is to publish comprehensive
books developed from symposia, which are usually "snapshots
in time" of the current research being done on a topic, plus
cs.org w001 ssaormy et hraetv itehwe mpaapteerrsia bl eo np utbhlei sthoepdi ca.s Fquoirc kthlyis arse apsoosns,i bilte .i s neces­
bs.a86.f Before a symposium-based book is put under contract, the
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htt19 the topic and for comprehensiveness of the collection. Some
2 | bk- papers are excluded at this point, and others are added to
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Series Editor
In Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals; Nelson, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995.
Preface
NEW CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
that will influence
the design, versatility, and reliability of the next generation of assays for
small toxic molecules were the primary focuses of the symposium upon
which this book is based. Some symposium participants and authors not
previously involved in environmental immunoanalysis are now discovering
new ways of accomplishing goals in this field. Gaining new perspectives
org 01 on issues that affect the use and acceptance of immunoassays and related
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36 on 3, 199 Technologies for small-molecule recognition, incorporating knowledge
12 from molecular biology, physics, and chemistry, are advancing rapidly.
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bodies, enzymes, receptors, ion-channel subunits, and small recognition
peptides. One of the potentially most significant advances is the demon­
stration that certain organic polymers can retain an "imprint" of a small
molecule and specifically bind that compound in a detection method very
similar to immunoassays.
New synthesis schemes and computational tools are contributing to
the design of better haptens and competitor molecules. Quantitative
structure-activity parameters, including properties such as electrostatic
potential of small analytes, are being correlated with recognition by bind­
ing molecules. Although these techniques were first used to develop
improved antibodies and immunoassays, they apply to other molecular
recognition systems as well. Combinatorial chemistry enables diverse
ix
In Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals; Nelson, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995.
repertoires of antibodies and other recognition proteins to be screened
for binding to large arrays of ligands and ligand mimics (mimotopes).
This strategy has implications for the discovery of new pesticides, inhibi­
tors, and drugs, as well as for antibody characterization and assay
development.
Some of the distinctions between antibody-based and instrumental
analytical methods are disappearing. Concepts from physics are paving
the way for development of miniaturized multianalyte assays, automated
instrument-based immunomethods, and a variety of sensor formats. Flow
injection, fluorescence polarization, and assay techniques using liposomes
and magnetic particles have increased throughput and made immunoas­
says more versatile. Notable advances in sensor technology include the
theory and implementation of miniaturized multiantibody, multianalyte
org 01 arrays and development of reusable sensors for repeated measurements.
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new validation and quality-assurance issues. However, they may also be
more versatile and reproducible, and will eliminate problems inherent in
some of the present assays. Our hope is that this collection of papers
provides an overview of relevant state-of-the-art research, a glimpse of
future directions, and a stimulus for more efficient validation of the
current methods.
Acknowledgments
We thank the chapter authors and especially the peer reviewers for their
thoroughness and cooperation, the Agrochemicals Division for financial
χ
In Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals; Nelson, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995.
support, Anne Wilson of ACS Books for shepherding us through the edi­
torial process on schedule, and all of those who participated in making
the symposium a source of new ideas and constructive solutions.
JUDD O. NELSON
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
ALEXANDER E. KARU
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720
ROSIE B. WONG
org 01 American Cyanamid Agricultural Research Division
2 | http://pubs.acs.bk-1995-0586.pr0 PNroinvcemetobenr, N15J, 018959443
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In Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals; Nelson, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995.
Chapter 1
Impact of Emerging Technologies
on Immunochemical Methods
for Environmental Analysis
Bruce D. Hammock and Shirley J. Gee
Departments of Entomology and Environmental Toxicology,
University of California, Davis, CA 95616
org 01
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wnlubli data analysis and other areas. Technological development must be in
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that we maintain a dialog between developers and users of
immunoassays regarding the capabilities of the analytical methods
and the criteria for their acceptance by regulatory agencies.
In 1971 Ercegovich (7) collected a handful of papers on the use of immunoassay in
agriculture and environmental chemistry and discussed the possible application of
this technology. This study was followed a few years later by a more detailed
evaluation of the potential of immunochemistry by Hammock and Mumma (2). In
many ways both of these chapters were prophetic in that immunoassays now have
many applications in the environmental field. In the early days of environmental
immunoassay we largely transferred technologies from medicine and other fields to
0097H5156/95/0586-0001$12.00/0
© 1995 American Chemical Society
In Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals; Nelson, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995.
2 IMMUNOANALYSIS OF AGROCHEMICALS
our own. This trend continues as new developments in medical technologies are
applied to agricultural and environmental chemistry. However, new technologies
and ideas increasingly are being pioneered in the demanding environmental field,
particularly as these tools reach the hands of classical analytical chemists. There is
always a frustration among fundamental scientists to see how slowly a new
technology is reduced to practice. The analytical community is justifiably skeptical
of any new technology, not just immunoassay. Possibly the hesitancy of the
analytical community to embrace new technology is good, since it is important to be
able to compare analytical data among laboratories through out the world and to
compare data generated through time. The focus of the immunoassay field for the
last 15 years on the ELIS A (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) format has helped
to introduce the technology by avoiding a complexity of terms and approaches and
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12
34.ch many fields often will impact several aspects of assay development. In this text
63.Mar edited by Judd Nelson, Alex Karu and Rosie Wong, we have an exciting glimpse of
1
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aded bation Binding Proteins
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The critical part of any immunoassay is the binding protein. It is important for those
entering the field to realize that polyclonal antibody technology based on classical
immunization protocols provide the antibodies for most of the commercial clinical
and environmental assays. Nevertheless, a variety of other technologies promise to
make the immunoassays of the future far superior to the ones that exist today.
Polyclonal Antibodies. Seldom are conferences held on the technology of
producing and using polyclonal antibodies yet this is a technology that continues to
develop. In environmental chemistry scientists are taking advantage of some of the
subtle approaches to make the generation of a truly superior polyclonal antibody
more routine. Many of the reagents involved in the production and use of
polyclonal antibodies that previously were prepared by the experimentalist, now are
In Immunoanalysis of Agrochemicals; Nelson, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995.