Table Of ContentGels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials
Anuj Tripathi
Jose Savio Melo Editors
Immobilization
Strategies
Biomedical, Bioengineering and
Environmental Applications
Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart
Materials
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Anuj Tripathi Jose Savio Melo
(cid:129)
Editors
Immobilization Strategies
Biomedical, Bioengineering
and Environmental Applications
123
Editors
AnujTripathi Jose SavioMelo
Nuclear Agriculture andBiotechnology Nuclear Agriculture andBiotechnology
Division Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Mumbai,Maharashtra, India Mumbai,Maharashtra, India
ISSN 2367-0061 ISSN 2367-007X (electronic)
GelsHorizons: From Scienceto Smart Materials
ISBN978-981-15-7997-4 ISBN978-981-15-7998-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7998-1
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Preface
Immobilization is a universal phenomenon that does occur naturally and can
attributeitsoccurrencetotheorigin oflife.Theprocessofarrestingthemovement
offunctionalmoleculeslikecellsandenzymesbytetheringorimpregnatingthemin
the stationary phase during process development is referred to as immobilization.
Considerable research in recent times has focused on the aspect of immobi-
lization in multidisciplinary areas. Biocatalysis is a remarkable discovery in bio-
logicalscienceswithoutstandingadvantagestothebioprocesstechnologiesbuthas
inadequatescaling-uppotentialforsocietalbenefits.Theprocessofimmobilization
thus paves the way to utilize biocatalysts so as to overcome its limitations. In the
initialphase,variousactiveenzymesandcellshavebeensuccessfullyimmobilized
on support matrices for advancing the performance like improved stability and
protectiontolabilebiomolecules,biocatalysisinbatchaswellascontinuousmode,
repetitiveapplicationofbiomolecules,evasionofproductcontaminationbysystem
components and easy separation. Further, the immobilization practices have been
expanded in new dimensions so as not only to advance the biological process but
also to develop smart materials and their performance too. New era of immobi-
lization even broadens its application and deals with immobilization of
non-biological substances, for example, smart nanoparticles for accelerating
non-biological catalysis.On theother hand,fewlimitationsusually docomealong
withimmobilizationpractices,forexample,deactivationoffunctionofbiomolecule
during immobilization, abrasion of the immobilization matrix, diffusion limitation
of the immobilization matrix and, most importantly, economic viability of the
immobilization that depend on the application. However, the ultimate aim of
immobilization is to significantly increase the performance of a complex system
underthemostadverseenvironmentalconditionsfrominvitrotoinsituintermsof
industrial and clinical developments.
Advantages of immobilization in biological sciences and bioengineering have
compelledscientistssinceseveraldecadestorummagearoundforthedevelopment
of advanced methods and to overcome the existing problems of bioprocess at the
same time. In this book, the introductory chapter has dealt with the journey of
immobilization, its fundamental principle followed by multidisciplinary research
v
vi Preface
potential. Further, the chapters are arranged based on three major disciplines, i.e.,
biomedical, bioengineering and environmental applications, wherein direct or
indirectimmobilizationstrategiesareappliedtodevelopanimprovedandadvanced
system, for example, delivery vehicles, cell immobilized porous matrix as func-
tional tissue substitute, development of biosensors for forensic and pesticides
detection, development of functional materials using cold plasma, super-cooled
liquids,biofilms,aswellasrecoveryandremediationofscarceandtoxicmolecules.
Each chapter highlights the principal factors involved in the development of
immobilization-mediated advance application, which include the selection of
moleculeanditssupportstructureusedforimmobilization,conditionsandmethods
withrespecttoactivityandstabilityoftheimmobilizedmolecule.Wespeculatethat
this book will stimulate further interest and research in immobilization.
Arduous task of compiling recent development in ‘immobilization strategies:
biomedical, bioengineering and environmental applications’ and succinct preten-
sionabouttheirfutureentailsgreaterleisureandextensivereading.Inthisbook,we
have sought-after scientist’s expertise involved in the fundamental and applied
areas of biological sciences and materials sciences, and performing
immobilization-based advanced research around the globe, with the aim of pro-
viding an overview on contemporary preparation and diversified applications of
functional molecules and materials. Although each chapter is a stand-alone refer-
ence, covering a given facet of immobilization strategies written by an expert in
his/her zone of expertise, the editorial process has ensured that this edition is an
excellent introductory reference book with broad field spectrum to academicians
and scientists. This book is appropriate for advanced graduates, introductory-level
researchersandalsointerdisciplinaryandmultidisciplinaryscientists.Itshouldalso
serve as a source book for statuary authorities for approving clinical and industrial
applications. We once again thank all the contributory authors for their quality
contribution and consistent cooperation that has facilitated us to make this book
possible.
Mumbai, India Dr. Anuj Tripathi
Dr. Jose Savio Melo
Contents
Immobilization: Then and Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Jose Savio Melo, Anuj Tripathi, Jitendra Kumar, Archana Mishra,
Bhanu Prakash Sandaka, and Kuber C. Bhainsa
CellImmobilizationStrategiesforTissueEngineering:RecentTrends
and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Pallavi Kulkarni, Rohit Parkale, Surbhi Khare, Prasoon Kumar,
and Neha Arya
Strategies and Advancement in Growth Factor Immobilizable
ECM for Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Y. Ikegami and H. Ijima
Prospects of Cell Immobilization in Cancer Research
and Immunotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Remya Komeri, H.P. Syama, G. U. Preethi, B. S. Unnikrishnan, R. Shiji,
M. G. Archana, Deepa Mohan, Anuj Tripathi, and T. T. Sreelekha
Nanosystems for Repairing Retinal Degeneration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Deepti Singh, Pierre C. Dromel, Shao-bin Wang, and Anuj Tripathi
Systemic Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye:
Overcoming Blood–Retinal Barrier Through Smart Drug Design
and Nanotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Sudhir H. Ranganath, M. Y. Thanuja, C. Anupama,
and T. D. Manjunatha
The Effects of Irradiation with Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma
on Cellular Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Katsuya Iuchi
vii
viii Contents
Immobilization of Biomolecules on Plasma-Functionalized Surfaces
for Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
M. C. Ramkumar, A. M. Trimukhe, R. R. Deshmukh, Anuj Tripathi,
Jose Savio Melo, and K. Navaneetha Pandiyaraj
AWidePortrayofUpconversionNanoparticles:SurfaceModification
for Bio-applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Monami Das Modak and Pradip Paik
AdvancesinAmphiphilic AssembliesandItsImmobilizationinRoom
Temperature Supercooled Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
S. L. Gawali, S. B. Shelar, S. D. Kulkarni, and P. A. Hassan
Immobilization of Enzymes onto Silica-Based Nanomaterials
for Bioprocess Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Devendra Sillu, Yeshaswi Kaushik, and Shekhar Agnihotri
Immobilization of Molecular Assemblies on 2D Nanomaterials
for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Sheela Berchmans and T. Balamurugan
Advancement of Immobilization Techniques in Forensic Science . . . . . . 475
Akanksha Roberts, Deepshikha Shahdeo, and Sonu Gandhi
Functionalization, Immobilization and Stabilization of Biomolecules
in Microfluidic Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Sandeep Kumar Jha, Amrita Soni, Rishi Raj, Smriti Bala, Komal Sharma,
Shweta Panwar, and Harpreet Singh
Biofilms: Naturally Immobilized Microbial Cell Factories . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Sudhir K. Shukla, T. Manobala, and T. Subba Rao
Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents by Aerobic Bacterial
Granules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Kisan M. Kodam, Sunil S. Adav, Viresh R. Thamke,
and Ashvini U. Chaudhari
Application of Immobilization Techniques in Heavy Metal
and Metalloid Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Sudhakar Srivastava and Bunty Gupta
Strategies, Challenges, and Advancement in Immobilizing Silver
Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Sushrut Bhanushali and Murali Sastry
Textile Fabric Processing and Their Sustainable Effluent Treatment
Using Enzymes—Insights and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Debasree Kundu, M. S. Thakur, and Sanjukta Patra
About the Editors
Dr. Anuj Tripathi is a scientist in the Bio-Science
GroupatBhabhaAtomicResearchCenter(BARC)and
faculty at Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI),
Mumbai,India.HecompletedhisM.Sc.andPh.D.inthe
field of Biotechnology. His doctoral study involved
research on designing and applications of porous
biomaterials in biomedicine and bioengineering. He
has been a visiting research fellow at Newcastle
University (UK), Lund University (Sweden), Kyushu
University (Japan) and Protista Biotechnology AB,
(Sweden).Hereceivedresearchfellowships/grantsfrom
different Government of India funding organizations
like DBT, CSIR, DST, and from International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA). He has published high-impact
peer-reviewed research articles, book chapters, and
patents in his area of research. He has edited a book
with Springer Nature on the subjects Advances in
Biomaterials and bulletin on Nano-biomaterials for
theragnostic applications. He is an editorial board
member and reviewer for several biomaterials and
bioscience journals. He is a founding member of the
society for interdisciplinary research in materials and
biology(SIRMB)andalsohonoredasalifememberof
several international science societies. His research is
focusedindevelopmentofnovelnano-biomaterialsand
superabsorbent sponges by chemical and radiation
chemistry for advancing the field of bioengineering,
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