Imaging with Electromagnetic Spectrum: Applications in Food and Agriculture

204 Pages·2014·1.93 MB·English

by  Annamalai Manickavasagan

Annamalai Manickavasagan
Hemantha Jayasuriya E ditors
Imaging with
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Applications in Food and Agriculture
Imaging with Electromagnetic Spectrum
Annamalai Manickavasagan
Hemantha Jayasuriya
Editors
Imaging with
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Applications in Food and Agriculture
1 3
Editors
Annamalai Manickavasagan
Hemantha Jayasuriya
Sultan Qaboos University
Muscat
Oman
ISBN 978-3-642-54887-1 ISBN 978-3-642-54888-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54888-8
Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939534
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Preface
As we are in the midst of the information technology era, the rapid development
in electronics and instrumentation areas has made it possible to create informative
images using each and every micro region of the light spectrum at high resolu-
tion and speed. Imaging with each region has its own merits, and widely used in
diversified fields. This technology is also being well utilized in agricultural and
food sector for various applications. However, there are lots of unexplored areas of
applications for the improvement of agricultural and food production system using
existing imaging technology. Through this book, we have made a resourceful com-
pilation for theory, instrumentation, practical considerations on readily utilized,
and potential applications for the whole light spectrum in an easily understandable
manner.
This book begins with a prologue chapter providing an introduction to the elec-
tromagnetic spectrum, from the imaging point of view, by presenting example
cases where different bands of frequencies are used in different areas of research.
This is also fortified with descriptions closely inclined to food- and agriculture-
related examples. Out of the remaining nine chapters, each one is dedicated for
specific and useful wavelength regions in the spectrum: gamma ray, X-ray, ultra-
violet (UV) light, visible light, near infrared (NIR), mid and far infrared, thermal
infrared, microwaves, and radiofrequency waves. Around 100 images have been
used throughout this book to visualize theory, instrumentation, equipment, and
various applications thoroughly. This book is prepared carefully by considering
wider range of audiences such as high school, undergraduate and graduate levels,
academics, and researchers in various disciplines of agricultural and food-related
systems. This comprehensive collection will certainly be beneficial to students,
researchers, academics and the others who are all involved or interested in agricul-
ture and food.
Annamalai Manickavasagan
Hemantha Jayasuriya
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Acknowledgments
The editors would like to sincerely thank the Sultan Qaboos University for provid-
ing facilities and The Research Council (TRC) of Sultanate of Oman for funding
a research project on Imaging Application (Project No. RC/AGR/SWAE/11/01-
Development of Computer Vision Technology for Quality Assessment of Dates
in Oman), which encouraged the editors to initiate compiling this book. All chap-
ter authors are whole heartedly acknowledged for prompt submission accord-
ing to the deadline. The support provided by Dr. P. M. K. Alahakoon, University
of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, during the early stages of this book project is highly
acknowledged. We all thank the staff of editorial and production department of
Springer for their unstinted support and efforts to bring this book in the present
form.
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Contents
1 Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum ................... 1
Sindhuja Sankaran and Reza Ehsani
2 Gamma-Ray Imaging ........................................ 17
A. Manickavasagan and N. Yasasvy
3 X-ray Imaging .............................................. 33
C. Karunakaran and D. S. Jayas
4 UV Imaging ................................................ 57
Preetam Sarkar and Ruplal Choudhary
5 Visible Light Imaging ........................................ 67
Neetha Udayakumar
6 Near-infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy ........................ 87
V. Chelladurai and D. S. Jayas
7 Mid- and Far-infrared Imaging ................................ 129
Sindhuja Sankaran, Lav R. Khot and Reza Ehsani
8 Thermal Infrared Imaging .................................... 147
M. Teena and A. Manickavasagan
9 Microwave Imaging .......................................... 175
Massimo Donelli
10 Radio Frequency Imaging .................................... 191
Gabriel Thomas and A. Manickavasagan
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Contributors
V. Chelladurai Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Ruplal Choudhary Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
Massimo Donelli Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science,
Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico Fabio Ferrari, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
Reza Ehsani Citrus Research and Education Center/IFAS, University of Florida,
Lake Alfred, FL, USA
D. S. Jayas Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Hemantha Jayasuriya Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering,
College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud,
Sultanate of Oman
C. Karunakaran Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Lav R. Khot Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State
University, Pullman, WA, USA
A. Manickavasagan Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering,
College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud,
Sultanate of Oman
Sindhuja Sankaran Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington
State University, Pullman, WA, USA
Preetam Sarkar Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of
Technology, Rourkela, Orissa, India
M. Teena Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agri-
cultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Sultanate of Oman
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xii Contributors
Gabriel Thomas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Neetha Udayakumar School of Biosystems Engineering, University College
Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
N. Yasasvy Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, IL, USA
About the Editors
Dr. Annamalai Manickavasagan, Ph.D., PEng
(Canada) obtained Ph.D. from the University of
Manitoba, Canada. He is a licensed professional
engineer (PEng) in the province of New Brunswick,
Canada. After Ph.D., he worked with McCain Foods
Limited (Canada) as Scientist. At present, he is
working as an Assistant Professor at the College of
Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos
University, Oman. He has published 2 books, 5
book chapters, and more than 60 scienticfi papers in
peer reviewed journals and international conferences. He has diversiefi d research
and management experience with academic institutions and industries in Canada,
Malaysia, India, and Oman.
Dr. Hemantha Jayasuriya, Ph.D., CEng obtained
B.Sc. Eng. (Hons) in Mechanical Engineering in
1983. His M.Eng. and Ph.D. in Agricultural
Engineering were from AIT Thailand. He is a
chartered mechanical engineer by profession with
over 7 years of industrial experience and over 20
years of academic experience in teaching, research,
and administrative activities during his career. He
has supervised and completed nearly 40 graduate
students including several Ph.D. students and
published over 80 scienticfi publications in peer
reviewed journal, and international conference
proceedings. He has also published technical
reports and book chapters and possesses patents. He has membership credentials
with international professional bodies such as ASABE, ISPA, ISTVS, and AAAE
and currently the Vice Presidents of AAAE for Energy, Environment and emerging
Technologies. Since August 2009, he is a Faculty Member at the Department of
Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine
Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.
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