Imaging Processes and Coherence in Physics: Proceedings of a Workshop, Held at the Centre de Physique, Les Houches, Frace, March 1979

595 Pages·1980·12.963 MB·English

by  F. T. Arecchi (auth.), M. Schlenker, M. Fink, J. P. Goedgebuer, C. Malgrange, J. Ch. Vieénot, R. H. Wade (eds.)

Lecture Notes
ni Physics
Edited by .J Ehlers, Mi.inchen, .K Hepp, ZiJrich
.R Kippenhahn, WeidenmiJiler, A. H. MLinchen, Heidelberg
and .J Zittartz, nl~(K
Managing Editor: W. BeiglbOck, Heidelberg
211
Imaging Processes and
Coherence ni Physics
Proceedings of Workshop, a
the Held Centre at de ,euqisyhP
seL March 1979 Houches, France,
Edited yb
.M Schlenker, .M Fink, .J .P Goedgebuer,
.C Malgrange, .J .hC Vi6not dna .R .H Wade
II I IIIIII IIIII I I
galreV-regnirpS
Berlin Heidelberg New kroY 1980
Editors
M. Schlenker M. Fink
Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin Lab. M6canique Physique
and Laboratoire Louis N~el du CNRS Univ. Paris Vl
B.P. 166 2, Place de la Gare de Ceinture
F-38042 Grenoble Cedex F-78210 Saint-Cyr I'Ecole
J.P. Goedgebuer C. Malgrange
Lab. d'Optique Lab. Min~ralogie Cristallographie
Facul~ des Sciences etTechniques Tour 16, Univ. P & M Curie
F-25030 Besanqon 4, PI. Jussieu
F-75230 Paris Cedex 05
.J Ch. Vi~not
Lab. d'Optique R. H. Wade
Facult~ des Sciences et Techniques Physique du Solide
F-25030 Besanqon DRF-G
CENG, 85X
F-38041 Grenoble Cedex
ISBN 3-540-09727-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN 0-387-09727-9 Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin
yrarbiL of Cataloging Congress in Data Publication
title: under entry Main
processes Imaging dna in physics. coherence
erutceL( in physics; notes )211
Bibliography: .p
index. Includes
.1 Coherence .sessergnoC--)scitpO( .2 (Nuclear Coherence .sessergnoC--)scisyhp
.3 Image .sessergnoC--gnissecorp .I 1940- Michel, Schlenker, .II .seireS
2416C.674CQ 539.2 79-27215
0-38'/-09727-9 ISBN
All rights to copyright. subject work is This era ,devreser or whole part the whether
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or similar machine photocopying by reproduction broadcasting, illustrations, ,snaem
dna data in storage .sknab § 54 Under of Copyright German the waL copies where
era edam for other than amount the the publisher, to fee is payable a use, private
of eef eht to eb determined yb tnemeerga the with publisher.
© yb Heidelberg Berlin 1980 Springer-Verlag
in Printed ynamreG
Printing dna binding: Offsetdruck, Beltz .rtsgreB/hcabsmeH
215313140-543210
INTRODUCTION
The techniques developed over the last two decades or so have considerably
widened the range of particles used as imaging probes. The present volume, concerning
imaging with photons (including hard and soft X-rays, visible, infrared and micro-
wave regions),electrons, neutrons, ions (protons) and phonons, is a collection of
the lectures given during a two week workshop held in Les }{ouches, France in March
1979 and attended by 80 invited participants from |I countries.
The information concerning imaging with different probes tends to remain
enclosed within the frontiers of each specialized field. In response to the clear
need for a collection and synthesis of information about the numerous, very distinct
approaches to imaging which have been developed for different particles, the workshop
aimed to bring together people from different fields so that each could contribute
to, and benefit from, a common pool of knowledge. Personal contacts can help to throw
bridges across the gaps separating neighbouring activities. This book aims to mate-
rialize these bridges by making this unique collection of material available to all
physicists, biologists, materials scientists and others interested in "imagin~'.
Some papers in the book deal with more general aspects of the physics involved
in imaging processes and especially with coherence and the theoretical formalism
common to different particle probes. The bulk of the book describes sources, beam
characteristics, interaction with matter, image formation, detection and processing.
Finally some recent techniques (NMR imaging, nuclear scattering radiography, chan-
neling) are described separately.
We have tried to make it as easy as possible for the reader to find his way
into and around the many different subjects dealt with in this book by providing
three means of access :
)l a table of contents in the publication order which closely follows the order of
presentation at the workshop. This is based on the physical sequence in any probe
experiment, (the 8o~ce produces a be~which propagates through space then
interacts with matter,etc.)
W
)2 a table of contents by probe particle
)3 an analytical index based on keywords.
Remembering that Les }{ouches is a beautiful mountain resort in the French Alps
we have allowed ourselves the fantasy of including the text of a talk on the"Coher-
ent Theory of Skiing". This talk encouraged many participants to ski for the first
time and others to attempt to improve their existing capacities.
We would like to thank .J Joffrin, D. Thoulouze and M.Th. Beal-Monod who initi-
ated the idea of the workshop, the staff at the Centre de Physique des Houches for
so pleasantly looking after the material side of communal life~.all the participants
for making the meeting so friendly and interesting and, of course, particularly the
authors of contributions appearing in this book,
Naturally an enterprise such as this meeting and this book cannot come about
within a financial vacuum. We would like ot express our gratitude to the following
organizations for their support :
Mission ~ la Recherche du Minist~re des Universit~s
Centre National de la Recherche Scientlflque
D~l~gation ~ la Recherche Scientiflque et Technique
Direction des Recherches Etudes et Techniques.
.M Schlenker, .M Fink, J.P. Goedgebuer, C. Malgrange, J.Ch. Vienot, R.H. Wade
ELBAT FO STNETNOC
F.T. :IHCCERA Laser Sources ........................................................ I
.P :ZEREC Lasers sa Stable Frequency Sources ...................................... 71
.G :ENIATNOF Electron Sources ..................................................... 82
J.B. :HTYSROF Intense Sources of Thermal Neutrons for Research .................... 73
.R :NOSSIOC X-Ray Sources ......................................................... 15
A. :HCTIVOBMERAZ Ultrasonic sevaW dna Optics ...................................... 75
A. :LAHCERAM Imaging Processes dna Coherence in Optics ............................ 46
A. :LREYETS Propagation of Neutron smaeB ......................................... 77
H.A. :ADREWREF Coherence of Illumination in Electron Microscopy .................. 58
S.M. :LEDNAC Propagation of Sound dna Ultrasound in suoenegomoH-noN r-~dia ........ 59
J.M. :DNOLBEL-YVEL Classical Apples mu tdnnaauQ Potatoes ........................ 601
F. MEZEI, .G :TREBUOJ Outline of a Coherent Theory of Skiing .................... 311
J. :EREIDRAVIS Wave-Matter Interactions: A General Survey ....................... 121
L. :DRAWREG Basic X-Ray Interactions with Matter ................................ 131
.F :IJDUONET-NEHOC Scattering Experiments in Ultrasonic Spectroscopy ............ 831
.F :DRAHCIM Acousto-Optical Interactions ........... z ............................. 741
J.P. :LAVENAM H.F. nonohP Transmission sa a Probe of desnednoC Matter ............ 751
.A :INDAH Infrared Detectors, Infrared Imaging smetsyS ........................... 461
B.F. :NOTXUB Elastic Scattering of Fast Electrons ................................ 271
.C ,XEILLOC .C ,YROM .P :AIBBERT Inelastic Electron Scattering ................... 281
G.L. :SERIUQS Interaction of Thermal Neutrons with Hatter ........................ 891
.V :ITAZZUL Structure Information Retrieval from Solution X-Ray dna Neutron
Scattering Experiments ...................................................... 602
.Y :YVEL Guided evaW Propagation dna Integrated Optics ........................... 312
.D :ERYAS Prospects for Microscopy X-Ray Long-Wavelength dna Diffraction ......... 622
.A :REIHTUA Kinematical dna Dynamical Diffraction Theories ....................... 332
F. :RABILAB Dynamical Theory of X-Ray Propagation in Distorted Crystals .......... 842
.P :YKCILAKS Polarization anemonehP in X-Ray Diffraction ......................... 852
.A :REGNILIEZ Perfect Crystal Neutron Optics ..................................... 762
F. :IEZEM Coherent Approach to Neutron maeB Polarization ......................... 972
.W :FFEARG X-Ray dna Neutron Interferometry ...................................... 392
.C :EGNARGLAM Topography: X-Ray Principles ....................................... 992
A. :TOIHTAM Examples of Topographic X-Ray Results ................................ 703
.M ,REKNELHCS J. :LEHCURAB Neutron Topography .................................... 713
.M :TRAH Crystal Diffraction Optics for syaR-X dna Neutrons ...................... 223
R.H. :EDAW Electron Imaging Techniques ........................................... 333
F. :REIDDOR Speckle dna Intensity Interferometry. Applications to Astronomy ...... 443
J,P. ,REUBEGDEOG J. .HC :TONEIV Holography dna ~-Coding .......................... 753
J. :SREGOR Electron Holography ................................................... 263
V.V. stcepsorP:VOTSIRA of Holography X-Ray ....................................... 863
!V
Y. :EREUQ Imaging yb snaeM of Channelled Particles ............................... 373
A.K. :DNUERF Neutron Optics Using Non-Perfect Crystals ........................... 873
C. :LEENURB Ultrasonic Real-Time Reconstruction Imaging .......................... 393
.B :YERFFUOJ tahW naC eB enoD with High Voltage Electron Microscopy? ............. 993
.W.P :SEKWAH Transfer Functions dna Electron Microscope Formation Image .......... 214
B. :DRALLIAGNON Acoustic Microscopy .............................................. 024
J. :LONURB esU of dedoC Apertures in gnigaml-ammaG Techniques .................... 824
.M FINK: Principles dna Techniques of Acoustical Imaging ......................... 434
I.L. ,TTEKYP ,DLEIFSNAM.P P.G. ,SIRROM R.G. ,EGDIDRO :TREGNAB.V N.M.R. Imaging...449
D. :ATERRAG Nuclear Scattering Radiography ....................................... 954
R. :ZSUALK Computerized yhpargomoT Scanners ...................................... 964
J.J. CLAIR: Recording Materials dna Transducers in Optics ........................ 774
.D :TUARRAHC emoS Applications in Hybrid Processing Image ........................ 094
J. :TATLIM X-Ray Image Detectors ................................................. 994
.E :RELTIEZ Electron Detectors ................................................... 905
J.E. :AMELLEM Processing Image of Regular Biological Objects ..................... 915
A.R. :GNAL Topography Cathodoluminescence ........................................ 925
.O :RELBDK Image Processing in Electron Microscopy: Non-Periodic Objects ......... 145
.Y :NIOBLEPE Interpretation of Topography X-Ray .................................. 155
J. :NIRFFOJ Coherence is Beautiful ............................................... 065
ELBAT FO STNETNOC TCEJB UYSB
V!s! ble Li 9ht
F.T. :IHCCERA Laser Sources ........................................................ I
P. :ZEREC Lasers sa Stable Frequency Sources ...................................... 71
A. :LAHCERAM Imaging Processes dna Coherence in Optics ............................ 46
.F :DRAHCIM Acousto-Optical Interactions ......................................... 741
A. :INDAH Infrared Detectors, Infrared Imaging smetsyS ........................... 461
.Y LEVY: Guided evaW Propagation dna Integrated Optics ........................... 312
F. :REIDDOR Speckle dna Intensity Interferometry~ Applications to Astronomy ...... 443
J.P. ,REUBEGDEOG J.CH. :TONEIV Holography dna ~-Coding .......................... 753
J.J. CLAIR: Recording Materials dna Transducers in Optics ........................ 774
D. :TUARRAHC emoS Applications in Hybrid Processing Image ........................ 094
A.R. LANG: Topography Cathodoluminescence ........................................ 925
Acoustics
A. :HCTIVOBMERAZ Ultrasonic sevaW dna Optics ...................................... 75
S.M. :LEDNAC Propagation of dnuoS dna Ultrasound in suoenegomoH-noN Media ......... 59
.F :IJDUONET-NEHOC Scattering Experiments in Ultrasonic Spectroscopy ............. 831
F. :DRAHCIM Acousto-Optical Interactions ......................................... 741
J.P. :LAVENAM H.F. nonohP Transmission sa a Probe of desnednoC Matter ............ 751
.C :LEENURB Ultrasonic Real-Time Reconstruction Imaging .......................... 393
B. :DRALLIAGNON Acoustic Microscopy .............................................. 024
.M FINK: Principles dna Techniques of Acoustical Imaging..: ...................... 434
Electrons
.G :ENIATNOF Electron Sources ..................................................... 82
H.A. :ADREWREF Coherence of Illumination in Electron ~licroscopy ................... 58
B.F. :NOTXUB Elastic Scattering of Fast Electrons ................................ 271
.C ,XEILLOC .C ,YROM .P :AIBBERT Inelastic Electron Scattering ................... 281
R.H. :EDAW Electron Imaging Techniques ........................................... 333
J. :SREGOR Electron Holography ................................................... 263
B. :YERFFUOJ tahW naC eb Done With High Voltage Electron Microscopy? ............. 993
P.W, :SEKWAH Transfer Functions dna Electron Microscope Formation Image .......... 214
.E ZEITLER: Electron Detectors .................................................. 905
J,E. :AMELLEM Image Processing of Regular Biological Objects ..................... 915
A.R. LANG: Topography Cathodoluminescence ........................................ 925
O. :RELBDK Processing Image in Electron Microscopy: Non-Periodic Objects ......... 145
VIII
syaR-X
.R :NOSSIOC X-Ray secruoS .......................................................... 15
L.: DRAWREG Basic yaR-X Interactions with Matter .................................. 131
.V :ITAZZUL Structure Information Retrieval from Solution yaR-X dna Neutron
Scattering stnemirepxE ....................................................... 602
.D stcepsorP.:ERYAS for htgnelevaW-gnoL yaR-X Microscopy dna Diffraction .......... 622
A. :REIHTUA Kinematical dna lacimanyD Diffraction Theories ........................ 332
.F :RABILAB lacimanyD Theory of yaR-X Propagation in Distorted Crystals ........... 842
.P :YKCILAKS Polarization anemonehP in yaR-X Diffraction .......................... 852
.W :FFEARG yaR-X dna Neutron Interferometry ....................................... 392
:C. EGNARGLAM yaR-X Topography: Principles ........................................ 992
A. :TOIHTAM selpmaxE of yaR-X Results Topographic ................................. 703
.M :TRAH Crystal Diffraction Optics for syaR-X dna snortueN ....................... 223
V.V. :VOTSIRA Prospects of yaR-X Holography ....................................... 863
.R :ZSUALK Computerized yhpargomoT srennacS .............. ..~ ....................... 964
J. :TATLIM X-Ray egamI Detectors .................................................. 994
.Y :NIOBLEPE Interpretation of yaR-X yhpargopoT ................................... 155
snortueN
J.B. :HTYSROF Intense secruoS of lamrehT Neutrons for hcraeseR ..................... 73
A. :LREYETS Propagation of Neutron smaeB ........................................... 77
G,L. :SERIUQS Interaction of lamrehT Neutrons with Matter ......................... 891
.V :ITAZZUL Structure Information Retrieval from Solution yaR-X dna Neutron
Scattering stnemirepxE ....................................................... 602
.A :REIHTUA Kinematical dna lacimanyD Diffraction Theories ........................ 332
.A :REGNILIEZ Perfect Crystal Optics Neutron ...................................... 762
F. :IEZEM Coherent hcaorppA to Neutron maeB Polarization .......................... 972
.W :FFEARG yaR-X dna Neutron Interferometry ....................................... 392
.M ,REKNELHCS J. :LEHCURAB Neutron yhpargopoT ..................................... 713
.M :TRAH Crystal Diffraction Optics for syaR-X dna snortueN ....................... 223
A.K. :DNUERF Optics Neutron Using Non-Perfect Crystals ............................ 873
lareneG
J.M. :DNOLBEL-YVEL Classical Apples mutn adunQa Potatoes .......................... 601
~. :EREIDRAVIS rettaM-evaW Interactions: A Survey General ......................... 121
J. ecnerehoC.:NIRFFOJ is Beautiful ................................................ 065
Ix
yrdnuS
.P :ZEREC Lasers sa Stable Frequency Sources ....................................... 71
.F MEZEI, .G :TREBUOJ Outline of a Coherent Theory of Skiing ...................... 311
Y. :EREUQ Imaging by snaeM of Channelled Particles ................................ 373
J. :LONURB esU of dedoC Apertures in gnigaml-ammaG Techniques ..................... 824
I.L. PYKETT, P. ,DLEIFSNAM P.G. MORRIS, R.G. ORDIDGE, V. :TREGNAB N.M.R. Imaging..449
.D :ATERRAG Nuclear Scattering Radiography ........................................ 954
Medical Applications
J. :LONURB esU of sedoC Apertures in gnigamI-ammaG Techniques ..................... 824
.M FINK: Principles dna Techniques of Acoustical Imaging .......................... 434
I.L. ,TTEKYP .P ,DLEIFSNAM P.G. ,SIRROM R.G. ,EGDIDRO .V :TREGNAB N.M.R. Imaging..449
.D :ATERRAG Nuclear Scattering Radiography ........................................ 954
.R :ZSUALK Computerized yhpargomoT Scanners ................... ... ................... 964
ALPHABETICAL SUBJECT INDI-X
Absorption°Neutron ..,,,,00,, ...,. 198,318
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Absor~tion,X-ra~ ,,,..,.,,,°.,,,,.°.~.°.°°.°. .0,°, .... , ***,°***, 1.35
Acoustic Activit~ , * * * * * * * * , * * , * * * , * * * * * ° , , , , ..... . 59~154
Acoustic Atten~.lation ************************ ,, ....... 422
Acoustic Lens ,....,,....0....,......0,°..°,.. *°** °*° . . . . . . 422~437
Acoustic Microsco~u ************************* ° °** oo°* ,,,°****~ 420
Acoustic Scatt~rin~ Center .................. ,***,,~,, 434
Acoustic Waves,Polarized ....................
t °if *ere
Acoustical Echo~raPh~ .,°.,,,,°.,.°°.,.,.°... e ee° *°e° ,.,., .... 440
Acoustical Holo~ra~h~ ..... , .... , ...... ~ ..... * oto *tie . . . . . . . . . 438
Acoustics~Non-linear.°.°.....°***.°.°°.°....° °* *# **** 0,,,,0,°,, 59
Acousto-electronic Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * o°o *o** . . . . . . . . . 442
Acousto-o~tical Zlef].ector * * * * ° . ° . ° ~ . ° * * ° . . ° . , . , , , , , , , 151
Acousto-oPtical Interactions . ° . ° * * * . ° . ° . ° . 0 . to *t o°~t ..... 147,393
Acousto-oPtical Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *tee **~o ..... ,~** 151
Activitw,Acoustic , . . . . , . ° . . . , , ° , . ° . , . , . o , , . o ,, .... 59,154
Aerial Photo~ra~h Processin~ . . * * * . . . ° * * * * ° ° . . ° .. ..~ . . . . . . . . . . 494
Al~ha Particles~lma~in~ w:Lth , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Am~litude,Scatterin~ °,,0°.°.°.***,.,,,.,,,,,,, ,, .,0 . . . . . . 121~:132
An~ul~r AIBPlificatiol"l ° , , ° , , , , f , , , , ; o , , ° ° ° , , , • ° • , , , , ..... 246,273
Anomalous DisPersion Corrections .°... .... .. • • o. ..... . ° :L34~296,328
Anomalous Scatter:Ln~ . ° * * * ° ° . ° . ° . . . . . . . . °.°.... .. °. °. . . . . . . . . 328
Anomalous Transmission,Neutron ° . . . * * . . . * * * * . . . . ..°.° . . . . . . . . . 268
Anomalous Transmissior~X-rau (Borrmann Effect) ...... . . . . . 13&~244
Atomic DisPlacement bu Electrons . . . . . . . . ; ..... .°; .... . . . . . . . . 53:t
Atomic Scatterin~ Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. •,,.. ,,, ***.. 132
Attenuation ~.n O~ical Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Attel-,uation~Acoust:i.c . ~ ° * . ° . ° ~ . . ° * * * o o . . ° . * * o 0 . ~ . . . ° ~ * • ,,, .,~.. 422
Available Thickness in H.v.e.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ~,, ..,.. 40:L
~eam Modulation * * * * * * * * ° * ° * * * * * * ° * * * * * * * ° * * * * * * * * * * ° * ,,, . . . . . . 327
Be*he Theor~ for Electron IneI.astic Scatterin~ .. .... . ,,,, ,,,,~ :1.91
Biological Material~Electron Ener~u Loss S~ectrum for . . . . . . . . . 189
Biological Ob,Jec'bs~Ima~ir~ in the E,m, ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 520
Bloch Waves ,,.,..,,...°....°.,,.........°.°00..°..0.° . . . . . . :[77,239
Boersch Effect Ener~u Broadenin~ of Electron Beams ,,° . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Bonse-Hart lnterferometer . . . . . . . . ° 0 , , . , . , . . . , . , ~ . ~ . , . . . . . . . 293,327
Booster~F':Lssion . . , ° . . . . . . ° . . . ° . ° . ° . . . . , ° ° . ° . . ,,.,.., ............ 45
BOP~ APProp{imation .°.°°******°.°°°.°****~**°° ..0°.o. ,,, 122~174,199
Borrmann Effect or Anomalous Transmission ,,,o ,o,~o~. ... 136~243,295
Bra~ Di~raction .......°.,0,,,,..,,,*******, ,,,,,,, °*****.~.*. 233
Bra~ or Reflection Case ********************* , * * * . . , , * * * . , . , 244,322
Bra~ Scatterin~ in Acoustics ................ ..........~.~....0. :L52
Bra~'s Law ...******....o...... .... ..*** ........... . ..... 235.322,381
Bremsstrah].un~ , , , , , , , , , , , ° , , , * * , * * , , , , . , , , , , , , ° , , ° , * * , , , , , * * * * 5].y531
Bright Fie].d Electron Microsco~ ...... . ......................... 417
Brightness of Electron Source ..................~........... ...... 29
Bur~ers' Vector ~etermination ...... . . . . . . . . . ..° ..... . .... ,. , 302.554
Cathodoluminescence To~o~ra~hw * * t * * * e * * * ° * * * * , , . ° ~ * * * * * * * , , ,e*** 529
Channel Electron MultiPlier t f l . l t t t . f t f . . l . f t t ° l t t O . . . t ° . t . ¢.l.t 515
Channellin~ o,o.°..,.*****o, .... o * * . . , . , . . , . , . ...... ,.°~,.** o,~.° 373
Character~ ~ length 249 302
.S" ,C .. * o * o * * * o ° o t o t o o ° t o o ~ o o o * o t t o * o * ~ t o ~ o o *
Characteristic Parameters in X.-ra~ Ounam:Lca]. 'rheor~ ,............ 248
Characteristic X-rau Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chemical Anal~s.is Usin~ Electron MicroscoP~ ........... . ......... 408
Classical APPles , . , . * * * * , . , . , . ° ° , . ° . ° ° ° . , . , ° . ° ° , . . , , ° . , . . ° . o.°°. I0~
Classical Treatment o£ Electron Scatterin~ ........~.......°...... 403
The editors are haPP.~ to thank Y. Sir°t, head of i:he scientific
comPutin~ service at I.L.L, who kindlu wrote the NARTROF Pro.~ram "For
producin~ this inde.'.(.