Table Of ContentIMAGE TO INFINITY: RETHINKING DESCRIPTION AND DETAIL IN THE CINEMA
by
Alison L. Patterson
BS, University of Pittsburgh, 1997
MA, Cinema Studies New York University, 2001
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of
Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Critical and Cultural Studies
University of Pittsburgh
2011
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
This dissertation was presented
by
Alison L. Patterson
It was defended on
February 23, 2011
and approved by
Troy Boone, PhD, Associate Professor, English
Adam Lowenstein, PhD, Associate Professor, English
Colin MacCabe, PhD, Distinguished University Professor, English
Randall Halle, PhD, Klaus W. Jonas Professor of German and Film Studies
Dissertation Director: Marcia Landy, PhD, Distinguished Professor, English
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Copyright © Alison L. Patterson
2011
All Rights Reserved
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IMAGE TO INFINITY:
RETHINKING DESCRIPTION AND DETAIL IN THE CINEMA
Alison L. Patterson, PhD
University of Pittsburgh, 2011
In the late 1980s, historian Hayden White suggested the possibility of forms of historical thought unique
to filmed history. White proposed the study of “historiophoty,” an imagistic alternative to written
history. Subsequently, much scholarly attention has been paid to the category of History Film. Yet
popular concerns for historical re‐presentation and heritage have not fully addressed aesthetic effects of
prior history films and emergent imagistic‐historiographic practices. This dissertation identifies and
elaborates one such alternative historiographic practice on film, via inter‐medial study attending to
British and American history films, an instance of multi‐platform digital historiography, and an animated
film – a category of film often overlooked in history film studies.
Central to this dissertation is Gilles Deleuze’s development of varieties of the Movement Image.
Deleuze’s Movement Image includes the “discursive image,” a form which has not yet broken the
coherence of sensori‐motor connections between the object perceived and the affective response of the
viewer. Related to the “discursive image,” I propose that the “descriptive image” can capture what the
larger category “representation” and the cinema‐specific “spectacle” cannot.
Drawing from literary and art‐historical conceptions of the differences between “descriptive” and
“narrative” forms, I propose that in the history film, the “descriptive image” functions as a meta‐critical
aesthetic, insisting that viewers perceive naturalized relationships as instead contingent. I argue that,
rather than a “mature form” of realism, the “descriptive image” is a form of critical realism. Descriptive
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images are characterized by: long takes of long shots; the co‐presence and co‐equivalence of objects; a
point of view neither neutral nor attributable to a character; and expressions of scope or forms for
framing that assert that the given view is only one view from the set of possible views.
Thus I examine exemplary texts that demonstrate a difference between “narrative
understanding” and “descriptive understanding.” These texts, despite their material differences,
similarly present mixed historiographic forms, and enable us to see what studies of history on film, in
their interest in re‐presentation over presentation, have often missed: “descriptive images” allow us to
differentiate the event of the film from an inadequate copy of an historical event.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
A. INTRODUCTION TO DESCRIPTION (CONTRA NARRATION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. THE HISTORY OF THE “TANGLE” AND THE TANGLE OF HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . 5
C. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE THINGS OF HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
D. HISTORY FOR STRANGE REALISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
E. DECORATION AND DESCRIPTION, AND THE GEOMETRICS OF HISTORY . . . . . . 27
F. QUALITIES OF VISUAL DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
II. DECORATED SOLDIERS AND DESCRIPTIVE VISTAS: THREE FILMS BY DAVID LEAN . . . . . . . . .43
A. “BALLS! I LIKE SPECTACLE!”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
B. “CONSTRUCTING THE TAJ MAHAL OUT OF TOOTH PICKS”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
C. “POET[RY] OF THE FAR HORIZON”: PICTURESQUE FIGURES AND PAINTERLY
LANDSCAPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
D. PANORAMATIC HISTORY – RYAN’S DAUGHTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
E. PICTURESQUE HISTORY: A PASSAGE TO INDIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
F. “[HE] TRIED TO SYMBOLIZE . . .”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
III. ART AS HISTORY: FIGURATION IN STANLEY KUBRICK’S BARRY LYNDON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
A. ART AS HISTORY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
B. “MINUTE AND ACCURATE, THOUGH NOT VERY IMPORTANT . . .” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
C. COSTUME REDRESSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
D. “I APPEAR AS AN ORNAMENT OF ENGLISH SOCIETY . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
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IV. ASPECT, ARCHIVE AND APERTURE: PETER GREENAWAY’S VIEWS OF HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
A. THE BAROQUE CATEGORICAL FRAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
B. DESCRIPTION AND THE DATASET: ACTIVATING THE ARCHIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
C. FROM LINKAGES TO THE GRID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
D. ALTERNATIVE GRIDS, OR WHY THE DRAUGHTSMAN HAS TO DIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
V. ILLUSTRATED HISTORIES: WINSOR MCCAY’S SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA (1918)
AND THE ANTI‐BALLISTIC IMAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
A. DRAWING FOR THE MOVIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
B. MATTERS OF PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
C. TRAJECTORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
D. “I SHOULD TELL YOU THE NEWS THAT I AM NO LONGER A CARTESIAN” . . . . . . . 189
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 The Mosquito molests his victim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Figure 2 The Mosquito filled to near‐exploding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Figure 3 Rendering "the moving sea." . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Figure 4 Dividing the space between the viewer and the Lusitania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Figure 5 Inside/Outside replaces Above/Below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Figure 6 An unexploding frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Figure 7 How a mosquito explodes . . . at the edges of the screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Figure 8 McCay's Illustration of "The Lusitania Coming into View on the Horizon
and Advancing to the Position Where it was Struck by the Torpedo" (McCay 1919) . . . . . .188
Figure 9 Charles Frohman suspended in animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I must first offer my thanks to the faculty and staff of the University of Pittsburgh Department of
English and the Film Studies Program for providing the material support required to produce this
dissertation and an intellectual home for combined film and literary scholarship. Teaching support from
the department and a Mellon Pre‐doctoral Fellowship granted by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences
enabled my study, which was conducted under faculty – Marcia Landy, Colin MacCabe, Adam
Lowenstein, Troy Boone and Randall Halle – who, from the inception of this project, struck a balance
between support for my pursuit of an alternative philosophy of history on film and the advice to
Kierkegaard from Poul Møller’s deathbed: “Tell the little Kierkegaard to be careful not to set himself too
ambitious a plan of study . . .” I was fortunate to study with Eric Clarke before his untimely passing. His
imprint is everywhere, and he is loved and missed.
I have been surrounded by extraordinary colleagues. In particular, I wish to acknowledge the
contributions of Dan Chyutin, Kathleen Murray, Jessica Pannell, Shelagh Patterson, Seung‐hwan Shin,
Margot Stafford, Kyle Stevens and John Trenz. This work – and these years – would not have been the
same without them.
I am grateful to my father, Robert Post, whose own academic pursuit required me to learn to
read early and to my mother, Bonnie Post, who does not even recall introducing me to David Lean’s
films but who does remember tolerating an endless string of “whys” that now culminates in what my
daughter has called “winning the last level of school.” I am grateful, as well, to my children: William,
who has been with this project from the beginning and who insisted that I see everything; Iris, who
joined my program already in progress and who insists that I see the world otherwise; and Lila Roshna,
who arrived just in time, and who finds everything at least as funny as I do. It is an extraordinary
privilege to live in the light of these three suns.
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There is a now well‐known story of reporter Jon Ronson’s visit to Stanley Kubrick’s home, after
Kubrick’s death but before his materials were re‐homed in what is now the Kubrick archives. Kubrick
had intended to store research materials, objects from filming and personal obsessions (fan mail, a prop
head in a box, bottles of ink). Unsatisfied with the dimensions of available archival boxes, Kubrick
designed his own to less “restrictive dimensions.” I will always be grateful to Marcia Landy for
encouraging me to make boxes of my own specifications – Chinese boxes, Pandora’s boxes even. I am in
awe of Marcia’s intelligence and intensity, and her generosity humbles me.
Finally, I offer endless thanks to Kevin Patterson, my partner and best friend, who has been
willing, all these years, to make a home among those boxes, whose tolerance for complexity is as valued
as is his constancy and who, if I asked him to, would build boxes with less “restrictive dimensions” if only
because I asked.
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Description:Feb 23, 2011 Randall Halle, PhD, Klaus W. Jonas Professor of German and Film Studies ..
eyes or to see the present through historical lenses? and sequential images
themselves and their own rhetorical potentialities.8 White counters Ian. Jarvie's
argument (as does Rosenstone) that historiography