Image Processing and Acquisition using Python (Chapman & Hall/CRC The Python Series)

453 Pages·2020·67.718 MB·English

by  Ravishankar Chityala, Sridevi Pudipeddi

Image Processing and
Acquisition using Python
Chapman & Hall/CRC
The Python Series
About the Series
Python has been ranked as the most popular programming language, and it is widely used in education
and industry. This book series will offer a wide range of books on Python for students and
professionals. Titles in the series will help users learn the language at an introductory and advanced
level, and explore its many applications in data science, AI, and machine learning. Series titles can
also be supplemented with Jupyter notebooks.
Image Processing and Acquisition using Python, Second Edition
Ravishankar Chityala, Sridevi Pudipeddi
For more information about this series please visit: https://www.crcpress.com/Chapman--HallCRC/book-series/PYTH
Image Processing and
Acquisition using Python
Second Edition
Ravishankar Chityala
IonPath and University of California Santa Cruz
Sridevi Pudipeddi
University of California, Berkeley
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Chityala,Ravishankar,author.|Pudipeddi,Sridevi,author.
Title:ImageprocessingandacquisitionusingPython/RavishankarChityala
andSrideviPudipeddi.
Description:Secondedition.|BocaRaton:Chapman&Hall/CRCPress,2020.
|Series:Chapman&Hall/CRCthePythonseries|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2020015556|ISBN9780367198084(hardback)|ISBN
9780429243370(ebook)
Subjects:LCSH:Imageprocessing.|Python(Computerprogramlanguage)
Classification:LCCTA1637.C4862020|DDC006.6/63--dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020015556
ISBN:9780367198084(hbk)
ISBN:9780429243370(ebk)
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To our parents

Contents
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Preface to the First Edition xxi
Introduction xxv
Authors xxvii
List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxix
I Introduction to Images and Computing using
Python 1
1 Introduction to Python 3
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 What Is Python? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Python Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Python Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Anaconda Python Distribution . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Running a Python Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Basic Python Statements and Data Types . . . . . . . 7
1.5.1 Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.2 File Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.3 User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
vii
viii Contents
2 Computing using Python Modules 23
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Python Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.1 Creating Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Loading Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Numpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.1 Numpy Array or Matrices? . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Scipy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5 Matplotlib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.6 Python Imaging Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.7 Scikits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.8 Python OpenCV Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3 Image and Its Properties 37
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Image and Its Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.1 Bit-Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.2 Pixel and Voxel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.3 Image Histogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.4 Window and Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.5 Connectivity: 4 or 8 Pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3 Image Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3.1 JPEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3.2 TIFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.3 DICOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4 Data Structures for Image Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.5 Reading, Writing and Displaying Images . . . . . . . . 49
3.5.1 Reading Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.5.2 Reading DICOM Images using pyDICOM . . . 51
3.5.3 Writing Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.5.4 Writing DICOM Images using pyDICOM . . . . 52
3.5.5 Displaying Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Contents ix
3.6 Programming Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
II Image Processing using Python 59
4 Spatial Filters 61
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2 Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2.1 Mean Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.2.2 Median Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.3 Max Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.2.4 Min Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.3 Edge Detection using Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3.1 First Derivative Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.1.1 Sobel Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3.1.2 Prewitt Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.3.1.3 Canny Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.3.2 Second Derivative Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.3.2.1 Laplacian Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3.2.2 Laplacian of Gaussian Filter . . . . . . 86
4.4 Shape Detecting Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4.1 Frangi Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5 Image Enhancement 95
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.2 Pixel Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3 Image Inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.4 Power Law Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.5 Log Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.6 Histogram Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104