Table Of ContentImage Pattern
Recognition
Image Pattern
Recognition
Fundamentals and Applications
L. Koteswara Rao
Md. Zia Ur Rahman
P. Rohini
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-0-367-64216-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-64224-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-12351-4 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003123514
Typeset in Times
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Dedication
All Teachers & Students
Contents
Preface .....................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................xv
Authors. ..................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 Data Retrieval ..............................................................................1
1.2 Content-Based Image Retrieval System ......................................1
1.2.1 Image Databases ..............................................................2
1.2.2 Extraction of Features and the Creation of Feature
Database ...........................................................................3
1.2.3 Query Image .....................................................................4
1.2.4 Image Matching and Indexing .........................................4
1.2.5 Similarity Distance Measures ..........................................5
1.2.6 Relevance Feedback .........................................................6
1.2.7 Performance Measures .....................................................6
1.3 Organization of the Book ............................................................7
Chapter 2 Features Used for Image Retrieval Systems .........................................9
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................9
2.2 Color Features .............................................................................9
2.3 Texture Features ........................................................................11
2.4 Local Features ...........................................................................13
2.5 Shape Features ..........................................................................14
2.6 Multiple Features ......................................................................14
2.7 Problem Statement ....................................................................22
2.8 Methodology .............................................................................23
Chapter 3 Improved Directional Local Extrema Patterns ...................................25
3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................25
3.2 Local Patterns ............................................................................25
3.2.1 Local Binary Patterns .....................................................25
3.2.2 Block-Based Local Binary Patterns ...............................26
3.2.3 Center-Symmetric Local Binary Patterns ......................26
3.2.4 Local Directional Pattern ...............................................26
3.3 Directional Local Extrema Patterns ..........................................27
3.4 Improved Directional Local Extrema Patterns ..........................27
3.4.1 Combination of Color and DLEP ..................................27
vii
viii Contents
3.4.2 Combination of DLEP and Gabor Features ...................32
3.5 Conclusion.................................................................................36
Solved Problems .................................................................................36
Histogram ...........................................................................................42
Exercises .............................................................................................42
Chapter 4 Local Quantized Extrema Patterns .....................................................45
4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................45
4.1.1 Local Quantized Patterns ...............................................45
4.2 Local Quantized Extrema Patterns ............................................45
4.2.1 Proposed Image Retrieval System .................................47
4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion .......................................49
4.3.1 Corel-1k Database ..........................................................49
4.3.2 Corel-5k Database ..........................................................51
4.3.3 MIT VisTex Database .....................................................56
4.4 Conclusion.................................................................................60
Solved Problems .................................................................................61
Exercises .............................................................................................64
Chapter 5 Local Color Oppugnant Quantized Extrema Patterns ........................65
5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................65
5.2 Local Color Oppugnant Quantized Extrema Patterns ...............65
5.2.1 Proposed Image Retrieval System .................................67
5.3 Experimental Results and Discussion .......................................69
5.3.1 Corel-1k Database ..........................................................69
5.3.2 Corel-5k Database ..........................................................69
5.3.3 Corel-10k Database ........................................................74
5.3.4 ImageNet-25k Database .................................................75
5.4 Conclusion.................................................................................81
Solved Problems .................................................................................81
Exercises .............................................................................................83
Chapter 6 Local Mesh Quantized Extrema Patterns ...........................................87
6.1 Introduction ...............................................................................87
6.2 Local Mesh Quantized Extrema Patterns ..................................87
6.2.1 Proposed Image Retrieval System .................................88
6.3 Experimental Results and Discussion .......................................90
6.3.1 MIT VisTex Database .....................................................90
6.3.2 Corel-1k .........................................................................90
6.4 Conclusion.................................................................................94
Solved Problems .................................................................................94
Exercises .............................................................................................96
Contents ix
Chapter 7 Local Patterns for Feature Extraction .................................................99
7.1 Quantized Neighborhood Local Intensity Extrema
Patterns for Image Retrieval ......................................................99
7.1.1 Introduction ....................................................................99
7.1.2 Major Advantages Over Other Methods ......................102
7.1.3 Framework of the Proposed Retrieval System .............102
7.1.4 Image Similarity Measurement ....................................103
7.1.5 Experimental Results and Discussion ..........................104
7.1.5.1 Database: 1 ....................................................105
7.1.5.2 Database: 2 ....................................................105
7.1.5.3 Database: 3 ....................................................106
7.1.5.4 Database: 4 ....................................................106
7.1.6 Conclusion ...................................................................109
7.2 Magnitude Directional Local Extrema Patterns ......................109
7.2.1 Introduction ..................................................................109
7.2.1.1 Our Contribution ............................................109
7.2.1.2 Review of Related Work ................................110
7.2.2 Different Types of Local Patterns ................................110
7.2.2.1 Local Binary Pattern ......................................110
7.2.2.2 Local Directional Pattern ...............................110
7.2.2.3 Directional Local Extrema Patterns ...............110
7.2.2.4 Magnitude Directional Local
Extrema Patterns ............................................112
7.2.3 The Proposed CMDLEP System .................................114
7.2.4 Experimental Results ...................................................114
7.2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................115
7.3 Combination of CDLEP and Gabor Features..........................116
7.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................116
7.3.1.1 Contribution ...................................................116
7.3.1.2 Related Work .................................................116
7.3.2 Gabor Feature ...............................................................116
7.3.3 Proposed Gabor CDLEP System .................................118
7.3.4 Experimental Results ...................................................118
7.3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................119
7.4 LEMP: A Robust Image Feature Descriptor for Retrieval
Applications ............................................................................119
7.4.1 Introduction ..................................................................119
7.4.2 Relevant Work ..............................................................121
7.4.2.1 Prime Contributions .......................................121
7.4.3 Related Local Patterns .................................................121
7.4.3.1 Local Binary Patterns ....................................121
7.4.3.2 Line Edge Binary Patterns .............................122
7.4.3.3 Line Edge Magnitude Patterns ......................123
