Illustrated Family Encyclopedia. Volume 2

475 Pages·2016·149.14 MB·English

by  Parsons J.

The Dorling Kindersley
ILLUSTRATED
FAMILY
ENCYCLOPEDIA
VOLUME 2 • I-Z
Indian Ocean to Zoos
A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK
LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH,
MELBOURNE AND DELHI
Senior Editor Jayne Parsons Senior Art Editor Gillian Shaw
Project Editors Project Art Editors
Marian Broderick, Gill Cooling, Jane Felstead, Martyn Foote,
Maggie Crowley, Hazel Egerton, Neville Graham, Jamie Hanson,
Cynthia O'Neill, Veronica Pennycook, Christopher Howson, Jill Plank, Floyd Sayers,
Louise Pritchard, Steve Setford, Jackie Wilson Jane Tetzlaff, Ann Thompson
Editors Art Editors
Rachel Beaugie, Nic Kynaston, Sarah Levete, Tina Borg, Diane Clouting,
Karen O'Brien, Linda Sonntag Tory Gordon-Harris
DTP Designers
Andrew O'Brien, Cordelia Springer
Managing Editor Ann Kramer Managing Art Editor Peter Bailey
Senior DTP Designer Mathew Birch
Picture Research Jo Walton, Kate Duncan, Liz Moore
DK Picture Library Ola Rudowska, Melanie Simmonds
Country pages by PAGEOne: Bob Gordon, Helen Parker,
Thomas Keenes, Sarah Watson, Chris Clark
Cartographers Peter Winfield, James Anderson
Research Robert Graham, Angela Koo
Editorial Assistants Sarah-Louise Reed, Nichola Roberts
Production Louise Barratt, Charlotte Traill
First published in Great Britain in 1997.
This edition published in Great Britain in 2002
by Dorling Kindersley Limited,
80 Strand, London WC2R ORL
Copyright © 1997, © 2002 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London
A Pearson company
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 07513 3929 6
Colour reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore
Printed and bound in China by Toppan Printing Co. (Shenzhen) Ltd.
See our complete catalogue at www.dk.com
LIST OF MAIN ENTRIES
See index for further topics
HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA VI L MICROSCOPES 553
MICROSCOPIC LIFE 554-555
I LAKE AND RJVER WILDLIFE 499-500 MIGRATION, ANIMAL 556
INDIAN OCEAN 449-450 LAKES 501 MINOANS 557
INDONESIA 451-452 LANGUAGES 502 MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS 558-559
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 453-454 LASERS AND HOLOGRAMS 503 MONASTERIES 560
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION 455 LAW 504-505 MONET, CLAUDE 561
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 456-457 LEAKEY FAMILY 506 MONEY 562-564
INSECTS 458-460 LEONARDO DA VINCI 507 MONGOL EMPIRE 565
INVENTIONS 461-462 LIGHT 508-509 MONGOLIA 566
IRAN AND IRAQ 463-464 LINNAEUS, CAROLUS 510 MONGOOSES AND CIVETS 567
IRELAND 465 LlONS AND OTHER WILD CATS 511-513 MONKEYS AND OTHER PRIMATES 568-570
IRELAND, HISTORY OF 466 LIQUIDS 514 MOON 571
IRON AND STEEL 467 LITERATURE 515-516 MOSQUES 572
ISLAM 468-469 LIZARDS 517-518 MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS 573
ISLAMIC EMPIRE 470 LUNGS AND BREATHING 519 MOTHER TERESA 574
ISLANDS 471 MOTOR SPORTS 575-576
ISLAND WILDLIFE 472 M MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS 577
ISRAEL 473-474 MOUNTAIN WILDLIFE 578
MACHINES, SIMPLE 520
ITALY AND MALTA 475-476 MOZART, WOLFGANG AMADEUS 579
MAGELLAN, FERDINAND 521
ITALY, HISTORY OF 477 MUGHAL EMPIRE 580
MAGNETISM 522
MUHAMMAD 581
J MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE 523-525 MUSCLES AND MOVEMENT 582
MALI EMPIRE 526
MUSEUMS 583
JAPAN 478-479 MAMMALS 527-529
MUSHROOMS AND OTHER FUNGI 584-586
JAPAN, HISTORY OF 480-481 MANDELA, NELSON 530
Music 587-589
JAZZ 482 MAORIS AND POLYNESIANS 531
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 590-592
JELLYFISH, SEA ANEMONES, AND SPONGES 483 MAPS AND MAPPING 532
MYTHS AND LEGENDS 593
JESUS CHRIST 484 MARSH AND SWAMP WILDLIFE 533-534
JOHNSON, AMY 485 MARX, KARL 535
N
JUDAISM 486-487 MATHEMATICS 536-537
MATTER 538 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 594
K
MAURYAN EMPIRE 539 NAPOLEONIC WARS 595
KANGAROOS AND OTHER MARSUPIALS 488-489 MAYA 540 NATIVE AMERICANS 596-597
KHMER EMPIRE 490 MEDICINE 541-542 NAVIGATION 598
KING, MARTIN LUTHER 491 MEDICINE, HISTORY OF 543-545 NESTS AND BURROWS 599-600
KINGFISHERS AND HORNBILLS 492 MEDIEVAL EUROPE 546-547 NETHERLANDS 601
KITES 493-494 MEITNER, LISE 548 NETHERLANDS, HISTORY OF 602
KNIGHTS AND HERALDRY 495-496 MESOAMERICANS 549 NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES 603-604
KOREA, SOUTH AND NORTH 497 METALS 550 NEWTON, SIR ISAAC 605
KUBLM KHAN 498 MEXICO 551-552 NEW ZEALAND 606
POWER AND SPEED fv rC ^ C A
MMU M
^^^-
Space shuttle lift-off .^^B^Bv
^^^HV^\ P^n^BW» X£-v.v 28,000 kmh ^^FvJlIjk
^^r
(17,400 mph) ^•fl ••&
v
Staii '^^ \.-_ ; - ——————— SPROCKETS ^^BJ^^B^)M1 *B^B^J^^B^A
0.05 kmh (0.03 mph) _^-«^^ — - •' * - - -^
srr SNAILS AND •&&*^C ^^ K Ostrich ^ ^^KLff^^M
OTHER MOLLUSCS ^fjr II 72 kmh (45 mph) ^k "*" ^•^•^•^•^^^^ ^J^BJ^BJ^H
^^Or u\ II see FLIGHTLESS BIRDS ^^-
Light
1,079,252,849 kmh
(670,616,629 mph)
Human runner Earth
34 kmh (21 mph) Stephenson's Rocket Boeing 747 107,244 kmh
xe ATHLETICS 47 kmh (29 mph) 978 kmh (608 mph) (66,640 mph)
see TRAINS AND see AIRCRAFT see EARTH
RAILWAYS
NEW ZEALAND, HISTORY OF 607 PHILIPPINES 650 RAIN 698
NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE 608 PHILOSOPHY 651 RAINFOREST WILDLIFE 699-700
NOCTURNAL ANIMALS 609 PHOENICIANS 652 RATS AND OTHER RODENTS 701-703
NORMANS 610 PHOTOGRAPHY 653 REFORMATION 704
NORTH AMERICA 611-612 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 654 RELIGIONS 705-706
NORTH AMERICA, HISTORY OF 613-614 PHYSICS 655 RENAISSANCE 707-708 j
NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE 615-616 PICASSO, PABLO 656 REPRODUCTION 709-710 j
NORWAY 617 PlGS AND PECCARIES 657 REPTILES 711-712 j
NUCLEAR POWER 618 PILGRIM FATHERS 658 RHINOCEROSES AND TAPIRS 713 j
NUMBERS 619 PIRATES 659 RIVERS 714-715
PLANETS 660-662 ROADS 716
0
PLANTS 663-664 ROBOTS 717
OCEAN FLOOR 620 PLANTS, ANATOMY 665-666 ROCK AND POP 718-719
OCEANS AND SEAS 621 PLANTS, DEFENCE 667 ROCKETS 720-721
OCEAN WILDLIFE 622-623 PLANTS, REPRODUCTION 668 ROCKS AND MINERALS 722-723
OCTOPUSES AND SQUIDS 624 PLANT USES 669 ROMAN EMPIRE 724-726
OIL 625-626 PLASTICS AND RUBBER . 670 ROMANIA, UKRAINE, AND MOLDOVA 727-728
OLMECS 627 POETRY 671 RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND KAZAKHSTAN 729-731
OLYMPIC GAMES 628 POISONOUS ANIMALS 672 RUSSIA, HISTORY OF 732-733
OPERA 629 POLAR EXPLORATION 673 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 734
ORCHESTRAS 630 POLAR WILDLIFE 674-675 s
OTTOMAN EMPIRE 631 POLICE 676
OWENS, JESSE 632 POLLUTION 677-678 SAFAVID EMPIRE 735
OWLS AND NIGHTJARS 633 POLYNESIA 679-680 SAILING AND OTHER WATER SPORTS 736
p PORTS AND WATERWAYS 681 SALAMANDERS AND NEWTS 737
PORTUGAL 682-683
SAMURAI AND SHOGUNS 738
PORTUGAL, HISTORY OF 684
PACIFIC OCEAN 634-635 SATELLITES 739
POTTERY AND CERAMICS 685-686
PACIFIC, SOUTHWEST 636-637 SCANDINAVIA, HISTORY OF 740
PREHISTORIC LIFE 687-688
PAINTING AND DRAWING 638 SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 741
PREHISTORIC PEOPLE 689
PAKISTAN 639 SCIENCE 742
PRESSURE 690
PANDAS AND RACCOONS 640 SCIENCE, HISTORY OF 743-744
PRINTING 691-692
PANKHURST FAMILY 641 SCULPTURE 745-746
PYRAMIDS 693
PAPER 642 SEABIRDS 747
PARASITES 643 SEALS 748
R
PARROTS 644 SEASHORE WILDLIFE 749-750
PASTEUR, LOUIS 645 RABBJTS AND HARES 694 SEAWEEDS AND OTHER ALGAE 751
PEACE MOVEMENTS 646 RADAR AND SONAR 695 SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD 752
PENGUINS 647 RADIO 696 SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM 753
PERSIAN EMPIRES 648-649 RADIOACTIVITY 697 SHARKS AND RAYS 754-755
L
COMMUNICATION
TIMELINE
i
i -*• H. -d-.
./, fWHI^^UUtUI
1840 Blm^Rl1 ""^^PS^ • 1 ^
^J•L V>,.. tKJ^^^^fEf g£ *ePe oSsTtAagMeP Ss tAamNDp I•K• > t's~*H3Mji .^^a I844 1 <M |HB|^
fj^^^S^^^ POSTAL SERVICES &•& '^O1H- ^^^^E^^^^^^^P••^*•U3g2^af Morse code HI ^_ S^XK-'-P: •.-I,
see CODES AND
CIPHERS
1837
Electric
telegraph
see TELECOMMUNICATIONS
1876
Bell telephone
490 BC see TELEPHONES
Marathon runner
see OLYMPIC
GAMES
18th century Sign language
see LANGUAGES
12th century Smoke signals 1784 Mail coach 1850 Pillar box 1855 Printing telegraph 1860 Semaphore and Pony Express 1861 Postcards
SHEEP AND GOATS 756 SUMERIANS 813 UNITED STATES, HISTORY OF 868-869
SHIPS AND BOATS 757-759 SUN AND SOLAR SYSTEM 814-815 UNIVERSE 870-871
SHOPS 760 SWEDEN 816 URBAN WILDLIFE 872
SHOREBIRDS 761 SWIFTS AND HUMMINGBIRDS 817 URINARY SYSTEM 873
SHRINES 762 SWIMMING AND DIVING 818
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS 763-764 SWITZERLAND AND AUSTRIA 819-820 V
SKELETON 765-766 SYRIA AND JORDAN 821-822
VESALIUS, ANDREAS 874
SKIN, HAIR, AKlD NAILS 767 VIDEO 875
SLAVERY 768 T
VIETNAM, CAMBODIA, AND LAOS 876-877
SMELL AND TASTE 769
TECHNOLOGY 823 VIKINGS 878-879
SNAILS AND OTHER MOLLUSCS 770-771
TEETH AND JAWS 824 VOLCANOES 880-881
SNAKES 772-773
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 825 w
SOCIETIES, HUMAN 774-775
TELEPHONES 826-827
SOCRATES 776
SOIL 777 TELESCOPES 828 WARFARE 882-883
SOLIDS 778 TELEVISION 829-830 WARPLANES 884
SONGBIRDS 779-780 TENNIS AND OTHER RACKET SPORTS 831 WARSHIPS 885
SONGHAI EMPIRE 781 TEXTILES AND WEAVING 832 . WASHINGTON, GEORGE 886
SOUND 782 THAILAND AND BURMA 833-834 WEAPONS 887-888
SOUND RECORDING 783 THEATRES 835-836 WEASELS AND MARTENS 889
SOUTH AFRICA 784-785 TIME 837-839 WEATHER 890
SOUTH AFRICA, HISTORY OF 786 TRADE AND INDUSTRY 840-841 WEATHER FORECASTING 891
TRAINS AND RAILWAYS 842 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 892
SOUTH AMERICA 787-788 TRANSPORT, HISTORY OF 843-844 WHALES AND DOLPHINS 893-895
SOUTH AMERICA, HISTORY OF 789-790
TRAVEL 845 WINDS 896
SOUTH AMERICA, NORTHERN 791-792
SOUTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE 793-794 TREES 846-848 WINTER SPORTS 897
SOVIET UNION 795 TRUTH, SOJOURNER 849 WITCHES AND WITCHCRAFT 898
TUNDRA 850 WOLVES AND WILD DOGS 899-900
SPACE EXPLORATION 796-797
TUNNELS 851 WOMEN'S MOVEMENT 901
SPAIN 798-799
TURKEY 852-853 WOODLAND WILDLIFE 902-903
SPAIN, HISTORY OF 800
TURTLES AND TORTOISES 854-855 WOODPECKERS AND TOUCANS 904
SPIDERS AND SCORPIONS 801-802
TWAIN, MARK 856 WORLD WAR I 905-906
SPORT 803
STAMPS AND POSTAL SERVICES 804-805 u WORLD WAR II 907-908
WORMS 909
STARFISH AND SEA URCHINS 806
WRITING
STARS 807-808 UNIONS, TRADE 857
STONE AGE 809 UNITED KINGDOM 858-859 XYZ
STORMS 810 UNITED KINGDOM, HISTORY OF 860-861 910
STRAVINSKY, IGOR 811 UNITED NATIONS 862-863 X-RAYS 911
SUBMARINES 812 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 864-867 Zoos 912
*mm_ ——— v^
———— ^••^^•^•^B•Ml
m 1889 ^^IrB
B Coin-operated ^L*^^U£^I ••••V BR^^SS^L^H 1933-35 Radar \ 1980s-90s
H telephone see H^H^H^HJ i•^•^•^•^H ^^^^•^^••Ml^^^^^W see RADAR AND SONAR ^k Mobile telephone
• TELEPHONES R^^^^l ' 1 see TELEPHONES
Is JUm^ 1
•N^•^^•^VH ••S^StP^Bi^KlH
• I^B^B^I IS% m1 fr m,*•• ^i^B^^B*^k^«M.H1]r ]rVA I•1 1990s
• JI^PK^I R'ld'" 1 kBk^V VIH&nK^K^K^K^K^K^Km 9M ^B Videophone
Hv i^^V ^f ^H transmitter i • see TELEPHONES
1983 Satellite television
see SATELLITES
1926 Baird television see INVENTIONS
1891 Dial telephones 1919 Airmail 1954 Transistor radio 1962 Communications satellite 1964 Word processor 1980s Fax machine
HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA
THE FOLLOWING PAGES WILL HELP YOU get the If you cannot find the topic you want, then
most out of your copy of the Dorling Kindersley turn to Volume 3. This volume includes an
Illustrated Family Encyclopedia. The encyclopedia index and gazetteer for the whole encyclopedia,
consists of three volumes. Volumes 1-2 contain which will direct you straight to the page you
nearly 700 main entries organized alphabetically, need. In addition, Volume 3 contains hundreds
from Aboriginal Australians through to Zoos. of reference charts, fact boxes, lists, and tables
To find the entry you want, simply turn to the to supplement the information provided on the
correct letter of the alphabet. main entry pages.
MEASUREMENTS AND THE PAGE LAYOUT Introduction
ABBREVIATIONS The pages in this encyclopedia have been carefully ,Ciear introductions are the In the main entry on COLOUR,
planned to make each subject as accessible as possible. starting point for each the introduction explains that
Most measurements are supplied in
Main entries are broken down into a hierarchy of entry. The introduction colours are different forms of
both metric and imperial units. Some
information - from a general introduction to more defines and provides an light, and that sunlight contains
of the most common abbreviations
specific individual topics. overview of each subject. , light of many different colours.
used in the encyclopedia are shown
below in bold type.
°C = degrees Celsius COLLEGES « SCHOOLS AMI ;ES • COLOMBIA KC SOUTH AMERICA.
°F = degrees Fahrenheit Alphabet locators
COLOUR White light spectrum
K = degrees kelvin Letter flashes help you find your way
Passing white light through a transparent triangular block called a
mm = millimetre; cm = centimetre quickly around the encyclopedia. prism separates out the different wavelengths of light. The prism
A WORLD WITHOUTXXJLOUR would refracts (bends) each wavelength by 3 different amount, forming a
m = metre; km = kilometre be dull and uninspiring. Colour is a band of colours called a white light spectrum, or a visible spectrum.
in = inch; ft = foot; yd = yard form of light. Light is made up of The seven main colours are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
g = gram; kg = kilogram Sub-entries * electromagnetic waves of
02 = ounce; Ib = pound Sub-entries provide important varying lengths. The human eye detects
additional information and expand on these different wavelengths and sees them
ml = millilitre; 1 = litre
points made in the introduction. as different colours. White light - like
pt = pint; gal = gallon that from the Sun — is a mixture of all
sq km (km^) = square kilometre the different wavelengths. Objects look
This sub-entry explains how rainbows
sq ft (ft2)- square foot coloured because they give out or reflect
ktnh = kilometres per hour are caused by raindrops in the air. only certain wavelengths of light.
mph = miles per hour
Colour and temperature
mya = million years ago Diagrams When while mnlighl paan through i ni
BC = before Christ Clear diagrams help explain complex
AD = anno Domini (refers to processes and scientific concepts. spectrum. A rainbow is made up of ipectra fr
any date after the birth of Christ)
c. = circa (about) The diagram here shows how a raindrop
b, = born; d. = died; r. - reigned splits sunlight into its constituent colours.
Spectroscope Cone cells
A< the back of the
An instrument called a ihcreuc5pecLil.ru>
spectroscope is used to called tones (
analyze the light given
by hor substances. Insii
the spectroscope, a prii
Penguin rises I oscro dreifdf rwacittiho nf inger alriinnegs) (;splits light fr Gho3i0"" aCn d(] ,eIm70it°sF f)ig, hitt ifsr o"mred
through the water Labels substance into its compoi Araboui 1,530*C(2.7WF),
the "whiie hoi' bar
to break through help to Emission spectrum
the surface. identify
images. ^ of fmghi lino oo a dak background. This u the
dcmcms emission srxonun. A compounds
KING PENGUIN
light. Older siars arc relatively
SCIENTIFIC NAME Aptenodytes of jwdiuro flame
patagonica Joseph von Fraunhofer Munsell colour system
ORDER Sphenisciformes Fraunhofti (1787-18261 Describing colours exactly using words alone is n
with those available fiom ( inters. The
FAMILY Spheniscidae (lining standard colour-identification systems. The Munsell
DISTRIBUTION Islands and ocean north .raining enabled system is used to specify colours for dyes and pigments
It defines a colour by it
of Antarctica of g 341- p1r7e.c ihseio uns. eFdr othmem value (brightness), «s
HABITAT Coasts and open sea suidir ofthc canhdro mitsa h(usetr e(pnogsthit)io,n
DIET Fish and squid in the spectrum).
SIZE Length, including tail 95 cm
emperor penguins carry I (37.5 in) ______
chicks around on their feet. LIFESPAN About 20 years
Biography boxes 1 This biography Headings The heading Colour !
Most main entry pages have box describes The topic matching systems
Natural history data boxes This data biography boxes that tell you about the work of the headings enable refers to the way
On the natural history pages, data boxes gives you key key people who have contributed to physicist Joseph you to see at-a- designers use reference
summarize essential information about a key facts about the our knowledge of the subject. The von Fraunhofer. glance which numbers to match the
animal featured in the entry. The box contains King Penguin. encyclopedia also has single-page subjects are colours on their work
information about the animal's size, diet, habitat, entries on the life and work of more covered within to the colours of
lifespan, distribution, and scientific name. than 50 major historical figures. the main entry. printers' inks.
VI
HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA
»-»•••- ^-r.^-?..~ This two-page
INDEX Knights and heraldry 495-6 Issssr"'"-^if entry discusses
Volume 3 contains an index and a gazetteer. The index, armour 69 the main types
feudalism 329
which comes first, lists all the topics mentioned in the Crusades 247, 883 of primate.
encyclopedia and the pages on which they can be found. Knights of Malta 70 1
The gazetteer follows on, with references to help you Knights of Si John 247
find all the features included on the maps. KKnnooswsloesd, gCer, eetpei s5t5em7ology 651 MONKEYS AND OTHER PRIMATES B TRhuenren iisn agn hAe-Zad
k
" page numbers in bold type (eg Knights and heraldry Craiova Romania 727 C7 E^SJf^EJTSfe "^^^^•sx^s, running head at
495-6) show that the subject is a main A-Z entry in Cremona Italy 475 C3 'Z^^STL^.r^'^^^^V Vir^S the top of most
Volumes 1-2. Cr« hland Croatia 105 B4 pages to help you
Crete hland Greece 403 E It
• page numbers in plain type (eg armour 69) send you to Crete, Sea of Mediterranean Sea find important
sub-entries, text references, and the reference section. 403 E10 topics that are not
• grid references (eg Cremona Italy 475 C3) are letter- CCrriomateiaa PCeonuinntsruyl a SEU kEruarionpe e 72170 517 main entries within
number combinations that locate features on maps. Crotone Italy 4^5 G8 the encyclopedia.
«ru._._ --.•=,- =.•= £?
isg^^flgpifr.*
Illustrations Annotation
iach main entry is This annotation The illustrations are
icavily illustrated with tells you how comprehensively The running head on PRINTING tells you
models, photographs, different colours annotated to draw ETZ^B tha although there is no main entry on
and artworks, adding a can be produced by attention to details of ^-^1 primates, you can find the topic on
vibrant layer of visual mixing red, green, particular interest and to ^^ MONKEYS AND OTHER PRIMATES.
nformation to the page. and blue light. explain complex points.
Pigments
A pigment is a chemical thai
absorbs only certain colours
from white tight. This pi
is called colour subtractii
Yellow, magenta, and cy
absorbs one of the primary
colours of light and reflects the
other two. For example, a
yellow pigment absorbs blue
light but reflects green and red,
which mix 10 give yellow. An
equal mix of all three pigments
Coloured lights absorbs all the colours from
white light, giving black.
Different amounts of ted, green, and blue light can be Colour printing Mixing !•~L•=~• ^Mm EHiliEHibF*siJ:
called colour addition. Unlike paints, red, green, and ToprimafulU ' white cm
abnluye t waroe tphrei mprairmy acroyl ocuorlso ugrivs eo af lsiegchotn. dEaqruya cl oalmouorunts of eimacahg eost haetr -pr iomneed i no ncy laonp. of famig piino tut die
a(yree llmowix, ecdy iann ,e oqru aml aagmeonutan)t.s W, whheinte a llli gthhtr eies pprroimduarcieeds. yudpl oowf l.i nEya ccho lpoiucrieudre d iot ini.ude light ipetirum. ofthcwhi
The dot) overlap and atwiiti
Colour television the right wvelenphs of
The principle of adding light to pyr^Ae other
coloucnl lighis is ustd in
make the picture sharper
Scattering and interference
Timelines The PRINTING timeline stretches
Two other processes, called scattering and
interference, can remove colours from the An entry may include from the printing of the first
spectrum. Interference occurs when light a timeline that gives books in ancient China to the
the dates of key events computerization of
briefly absorbed by particles of matter and
then radiated out again in all directions. in the history or modern printing.
Painting with dots Soap bubble Using inlerfefcnc development of
an artist uses thousand; of lim coloured sWoahpe nb uwbhbilrec, liitg rheif lsetcrtisk eosf fa or bend obiecis. Enpnerc the subject.
light ihrough pUmc model COLLECTION PAGES
suffices of ,he bubble-The designs 10 test thrit ability
ai. • tthhced ctoloured snip rienfilcecifteadi, linguhkt irnagy 10 wiihsund Bins. The There are more than 70 pages of
IV. When saoiKmde ctofclohu Bo,hf, light photographic collections, which
patterns ihow the noinn of -follow main entries and provide a
Thomas Young visual guide to the subject. They
Reflecting colours WWK
The English doctor and physicist Thomas Young are organized under clear headings.
rmer s[ haartc lliigghhtt (wraavveelss oasf dwialfveer*e. nHi ele rnegadlizue. da nthd atthat Owhbejenc tlsi ghhat vfea lclso luopuorn o nthlye m, i^nd^gre,e
because colours do not exist °f ""* w
in fora] darknes
that appears one colour in
white light may look Relight p
different when illuminate' The yellow pot
by coloured lighr. The reflect! red light,
yellow pot in this sequent and therefore
of pictures appears yellow
only in white light. ml light.
DYES AND
Find out more On COLOUR, the Find /
The Find Out More lines at Out More line directs PRINTING'S Find,
the end of each entry direct you to the entry on Out More line
you to other relevant main PRINTING, where there is sends you to CHINA,
entries in the encyclopedia. a detailed explanation of HISTORY OF, which
Using the Find Out More lines the colour printing lists ancient Chinese The entry on the history of China is
can help you understand an process and how printing inventions, followed by a collection page showing
entry in its wider context. presses work. including printing. Chinese jewellery and ornaments.
VII
HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA
CONTINENT AND
Country file
COUNTRY PAGES KEY TO MAP
On each country page there is a fact
The encyclopedia contains entries on all
International border Lake ^ Capital city box containing key details about the
the world's continents and countries,
country, such as its population, capital
each containing a detailed map. Disputed border Seasonal lake ^ Major town city, area, currency, political system,
Continent entries focus on the physical and main language and religion. Other
geography of the region; country entries Road — River ^ Minor town categories of information include:
provide information about the society
and economy of the country. Below is Railroad _ Canal A Spot height (feet) Literacy — the percentage of people over
tNheet hsienrglalen-dpsage entry on the International airport Waterfall T Spot depth (feet) P1 e5o ypelaer sp eorl dd wochtoo rc a—n ar eraodu agnhd gwuirditee .to
the availability of medical facilities.
Life expectancy - how long an average
The country's flag appears by its name. person can expect to live.
Locator map NETHERLANDS Climate
NETHERLANDS FACTS
A small map in the top left-hand A climate diagram gives details of
corner of the page shows you where ALSO CALLED HOLMND, the Netherlands straddles rainfall levels and temperatures in the
the region lies within a continent or the deltas of five major rivers in northwestern country, region, or continent.
in relation to the rest of the world. Eowurno pceo.u Tnhtrey Dbeuctacuhs ep ethoepyle hsaavye tehnecyl ocsreedat eadb othuetit Average -^ ., Average
one-third of the land from sea, swamps, and marshland with earth summer ^fk*j.f - --^at^- ^^/ ^ wi•nter
Map of Netherlands' position in Europe. ^ barriers, or dikes, and drained the water from it. Despite being temperature "^jl^ temperature
one of the most densely populated countries in the world, the
pTrhoev idinetsr oadnu cotvieornv ideewfi nteos ththee e nretrgyi.on an, N)ffeicthiaelr lcaanpdist aeln, jaolytsh ohuigghh tlhivei nggo vstearnndmaerdnst . iAs mbassteedr daatm T hies tHheague. Physical features Single country's ^ Aver*&
The Neiheitands is mainly flat, tv average in capital city ramJail
27 percent of the land below sea
Compass points' north - level. The land is protected from '
oast, and by artificial dikesyWide.
Scale bar
' 'ne'm°a
Scale bar and compass
Each map has a scale bar that shows Regional average is \ Average
how distances on the map relate to the average of all rainfall
actual miles and kilometers. The capital cities on map
compass shows you which direction
on the map is north (N). Concise explanation of the country's
main physical characteristics.
Grid reference
Land use
The numbers and letters around
the map help you find all the The land-use diagram tells you how
places listed in rhe index. much of the the country's total land area
is taken up by, for example, woodland,
The index gives Amsterdam's g agriculture, and urban developments
reference as C4> so you can find it on the such as villages, towns, and cities.
map by locating the third square along
Most of the land in the
(C) and the fourth square down (4).
Netherlands is used for farming.
Population density Urban/rural split
A population density diagram shows A small diagram shows the percentage
how many people there are to every of people living in urban (built-up)
square mile or square kilometer. areas and rural (country) areas.
- The majority of people in the
The Netherlands is a very densely.,
Netherlands live in urban areas.
populated country
REFERENCE PAGES People, arts, and media
Volume 3 of rhe Encyclopedia This scrand is crammed full of information
contains an illustrated reference about television, theater, music, art,
section with essential facts, figures, philosophy, architecture, literature,
and statistical data, divided into the dance, and much
five main strands described here. more besides.
International world
This strand contains a double-page
map showing all the countries of the
world, and data on the world's
population, economy, and resources.
History
The history strand features a timeline
of key historical events, stretching
from 40,000 BC to the present day,
together with the dates of major wars,
revolutions, battles, and great leaders.
Living world Science
The centerpiece of this strand is a A double-page
detailed guide to the classification ot spread on the periodic table is
living things, supported by lists of supported by key data on the
species in danger, and many other weather, mathematics, the Earth and the
facts about the natural world. Universe, and measurement conversion tables.
VIII
INDIAN OCEAN
INDIAN OCEAN FACTS
AREA 73,426,000 sq km
BOUNDED BY AFRICA to the Physical features (28,350,000 sqmiles^ _______
AVERAGE DEPTH 3,890 m (12,762 ft)
west, Australia and Indonesia The currents of the Indian GREATEST DEPTH 7,450 m (24,441 ft),
to the east, and Asia to the Ocean change direction Java Trench
spectacularly according NUMBER OF ISLANDS 5,000
north, the Indian Ocean
to the monsoon winds. LARGEST ISLAND Borneo
is the world s third largest ocean. In the south Between February and SMALLEST COUNTRY Singapore
it merges with the Southern Ocean that extends March, a strong current POPULATION 1,000,000
flows southwest along the
right around the globe. Unlike the Atlantic and
coast of Somalia, changing
Pacific, it has no natural outlet to the north, direction completely between
August and September.
although the Suez Canal at the northern tip
In the Bay of Bengal, the
of the Red Sea links it with the Mediterranean
current flows clockwise
Sea. Monsoon winds bring flooding to the in February, and counter-
clockwise in August.
Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Ocean islands
There are estimated to be more than 5,000
islands in the Indian Ocean. Many, such as
Med.Sea $i y the Seychelles and the Maldives, are coral
atolls, where attractive beaches and a warm
J MtSitt t/es - >
Suez* Suezfianal <Kuwaj .;•-?' climate attract increasing numbers of tourists.
*$• 1
^
Tropic of Cance-rT3 Gif/ ^QV. •farachi iKCoaLlckuattataJ |~r TCroaptiicce orf MDuorinnsgo tohen northern winter, cool, dry winds
LDtbeis/eorMt Hf ~j ~' - pAenrianbsiualn4;) (BN<mbay) %^ < c5rjfr £, Bnv of __*i \ bHloowwe ovveer,r itnh es uomcemane r,f rtohme wthien dn odritrheecatisot.n
' 9 #Am P" Arabian5« _-4^-£ Bengal changes and southwesterly winds blow north
(AdeBj^7\pefl ^ \ndaman Is. ? from the ocean bringing heavy monsoon rains
- « i (Jndia) &
to coastal areas. Although farmers depend on
2 I" SibouH i (Vem"0 Lactadive Is Nicobar Is. ^
J i C,. (India) H»A«; these rains, they often cause serious flooding.
C. Gwioni; *y LANKA -
Cirof Sanrfv
AUSTRALIA
fa/x
Lmra'm Strait of Malacca
* ' I N D\I AN OCEAN Lying between the Indonesian island ot Sumatra and the
Malay Peninsula, the shallow Strait of Malacca is one of the
main trade routes at the eastern end of the Indian Ocean,
effectively providing a link with the Pacific Ocean. Melaka
in Malaysia and Singapore are the two leading ports.
-Crozet Is. (Fr.)
EdPwrairndc eIs. Kerguelen (F
Salt i
'Heard & ^ Around the shores of the Indian
MatM-downs afl.dJ Is. ,^-<f\ Ocean, particularly in India and
I i. the Middle East, people extract
salt from the sea water. They
a dim Basft, Soutfi 1 n J iajLjL?^ in channel water into shallow
enclosures called pans and allow
1000 I': Co'•jii' Batterbc >^v_^xJ\_^ CParnpnesett lite atov inegv acproyrsatatels ionf spuunrseh isnaelt, that
•^
can be collected, packaged, and
-~""~ Endlrty Wilkes I ana
tV^'cr ' '" sold. Oceans are salty because
1 ^Slielf minerals dissolved from rocks
R C T I C A by rivers are washed into them.
Salt panning, Karachi, Pakistan
449