Illicium, Pimpinella and Foeniculum; Volume 40 in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Industrial Profiles - CRC

232 Pages·2016·6.36 MB·English

by  Jodral M.M.

Illicium,
Pimpinella
and Foeniculum
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants — Industrial Profiles
Individual volumes in this series provide both industry and academia with in-depth coverage of one major
genus of industrial importance.
Series Edited by Dr Roland Hardman
Volume 1 Volume 22
Valerian, edited by Peter J. Houghton Eucalyptus, edited by John J.W. Coppen
Volume 2 Volume 23
Perilla, edited by He-ci Yu, Kenichi Kosuna Pueraria, edited by Wing Ming Keung
and Megumi Haga Volume 24
Volume 3 Thyme, edited by E. Stahl-Biskup and F. Sáez
Poppy, edited by Jenö Bernáth Volume 25
Volume 4 Oregano, edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios
Cannabis, edited by David T. Brown Volume 26
Volume 5 Citrus, edited by Giovanni Dugo and
Neem, edited by H.S. Puri Angelo Di Giacomo
Volume 6 Volume 27
Ergot, edited by Vladimír Kˇren and Geranium and Pelargonium, edited by
Ladislav Cvak Maria Lis-Balchin
Volume 7 Volume 28
Caraway, edited by Éva Németh Magnolia, edited by Satyajit D. Sarker and
Volume 8 Yuji Maruyama
Saffron, edited by Moshe Negbi Volume 29
Volume 9 Lavender, edited by Maria Lis-Balchin
Tea Tree, edited by Ian Southwell and Volume 30
Robert Lowe Cardamom, edited by P.N. Ravindran and
Volume 10 K.J. Madhusoodanan
Basil, edited by Raimo Hiltunen and Volume 31
Yvonne Holm Hypericum, edited by Edzard Ernst
Volume 11 Volume 32
Fenugreek, edited by Georgios Petropoulos Taxus, edited by H. Itokawa and K.H. Lee
Volume 12 Volume 33
Ginkgo biloba, edited by Teris A. Van Beek Capsicum, edited by Amit Krish De
Volume 13 Volume 34
Black Pepper, edited by P.N. Ravindran Flax, edited by Alister Muir and
Volume 14 Niel Westcott
Sage, edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios Volume 35
Volume 15 Urtica, edited by Gulsel Kavalali
Ginseng, edited by W.E. Court Volume 36
Volume 16 Cinnamon and Cassia, edited by
Mistletoe, edited by Arndt Büssing P.N. Ravindran, K. Nirmal Babu and M. Shylaja
Volume 17 Volume 37
Tea, edited by Yong-su Zhen Kava, edited by Yadhu N. Singh
Volume 18 Volume 38
Artemisia, edited by Colin W. Wright Aloes, edited by Tom Reynolds
Volume 19 Volume 39
Stevia, edited by A. Douglas Kinghorn Echinacea, edited by Sandra Carol Miller
Volume 20 Assistant Editor: He-ci Yu
Vetiveria, edited by Massimo Maffei Volume 40
Volume 21 Illicium, Pimpinella and Foeniculum, edited by
Narcissus and Daffodil, edited by Gordon R. Hanks Manuel Miró Jodral
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Illicium,
Pimpinella
and Foeniculum
Edited by Manuel Miró Jodral
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants — Industrial Profiles
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
TF1728_C00.fm Page iv Thursday, May 6, 2004 11:24 AM
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Contents
Preface to the Series
Foreword
Contributors
Chapter 1
General Introduction to Pimpinella and Illicium
Anthony C. Dweck
Chapter 2
Plant Sources of the Genus Illicium
Richard M.K. Saunders
Chapter 3
Plant Sources of the Genus Pimpinella
María Reyes González-Tejero
Chapter 4
Chemical Constituents of the Genus Illicium
Yoshiyasu Fukuyama and Jian-mei Huang
Chapter 5
Chemical Constituents of the Genus Pimpinella
Jürgen Reichling and Enza Maria Galati
Chapter 6
Cultivation and Plant Raw Material of the Genus Illicium
Chun-shu Yang and Sheng-lin Li
Chapter 7
Cultivation and Plant Raw Material of the Genus Pimpinella
Jürgen Reichling and Ulrich Bomme
Chapter 8
Therapeutic and Pharmacological Properties of Illicium
Emi Okuyama
Chapter 9
Therapeutic and Pharmacologic Properties of the Genus Pimpinella
Anna De Pasquale
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
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Chapter 10
Monographs and Formulations of the Genera Pimpinella, Illicium, and Foeniculum
María Dolores Contreras and Juan Carlos Orte
Chapter 11
Economic Importance and Market Trends of the Genera Pimpinella, Illicium,
and Foeniculum
Antonio Rapisarda
Chapter 12
The Genus Foeniculum
Amit Krishna De
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
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Preface to the Series
There is increasing interest in industry, academia, and the health sciences in medicinal and aromatic
plants. In passing from plant production to the eventual product used by the public, many sciences
are involved. This series brings together information which is currently scattered through an ever-
increasing number of journals. Each volume gives an in-depth look at one plant genus, about which
an area specialist has assembled information ranging from the production of the plant to market
trends and quality control.
Many industries are involved, such as forestry, agriculture, chemicals, food, flavor, beverage,
pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and fragrance. The plant raw materials are roots, rhizomes, bulbs, leaves,
stems, barks, wood, flowers, fruits, and seeds. These yield gums, resins, essential (volatile) oils,
fixed oils, waxes, juices, extracts, and spices for medicinal and aromatic purposes. All these
commodities are traded worldwide. A dealer’s market report for an item may say “drought in the
country of origin has forced up prices.”
Natural products do not mean safe products, and account of this has to be taken by the above
industries, which are subject to regulation. For example, a number of plants which are approved
for use in medicine must not be used in cosmetic products.
The assessment of “safe to use” starts with the harvested plant material, which has to comply
with an official monograph. This may require absence of, or prescribed limits of, radioactive
material, heavy metals, aflatoxin, pesticide residue, as well as the required level of active principle.
This analytical control is costly and tends to exclude small batches of plant material. Large-scale,
contracted, mechanized cultivation with designated seed or plantlets is now preferable.
Today, plant selection is not only for the yield of active principle, but for the plant’s ability to
overcome disease, climatic stress and the hazards caused by mankind. Such methods as in vitro
fertilization, meristem cultures and somatic embryogenesis are used. The transfer of sections of
DNA is giving rise to controversy in the case of some end uses of the plant material.
Some suppliers of plant raw material are now able to certify that they are supplying organically
farmed medicinal plants, herbs and spices. The Economic Union directive CVO/EU No. 2092/91
details the specifications for the obligatory quality controls to be carried out at all stages of
production and processing of organic products.
Fascinating plant folklore and ethnopharmacology leads to medicinal potential. Examples are
the muscle relaxants based on the arrow poison, curare, from species of Chondrodendron, and the
antimalarials derived from species of Cinchona and Artemisia. The methods of detection of phar-
macological activity have become increasingly reliable and specific, frequently involving enzymes
in bioassays and avoiding the use of laboratory animals. By using bioassay-linked fractionation of
crude plant juices or extracts, compounds can be specifically targeted which, for example, inhibit
blood platelet aggregation, or have antitumor, or antiviral, or any other required activity. With the
assistance of robotic devices, all the members of a genus may be readily screened. However, the
plant material must be fully authenticated by a specialist.
The medicinal traditions of ancient civilizations such as those of China and India have a large
armamentarium of plants in their pharmacopoeias which are used throughout Southeast Asia. A
similar situation exists in Africa and South America. Thus, a very high percentage of the world’s
population relies on medicinal and aromatic plants for their medicine. Western medicine is also
responding. Already in Germany all medical practitioners have to pass an examination in phyto-
therapy before being allowed to practice. It is noticeable that medical, pharmacy, and health-related
schools throughout Europe and the United States are increasingly offering training in phytotherapy.
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Multinational pharmaceutical companies have become less enamored of the single compound,
magic-bullet cure. The high costs of such ventures and the endless competition from “me-too”
compounds from rival companies often discourage the attempt. Independent phytomedicine com-
panies have been very strong in Germany. However, by the end of 1995, 11 (almost all) had been
acquired by the multinational pharmaceutical firms, acknowledging the lay public’s growing
demand for phytomedicines in the Western world.
The business of dietary supplements in the Western world has expanded from the health store
to the pharmacy. Alternative medicine includes plant-based products. Appropriate measures to
ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy either already exist or are being answered by greater
legislative control by such bodies as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the recently created
European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products based in London.
In the United States, the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 recognized
the class of phytotherapeutic agents derived from medicinal and aromatic plants. Furthermore,
under public pressure, the U.S. Congress set up an Office of Alternative Medicine, which in 1994
assisted the filing of several Investigational New Drug (IND) applications, required for clinical
trials of some Chinese herbal preparations. The significance of these applications was that each
Chinese preparation involved several plants and yet was handled as a single IND. A demonstration
of the contribution to efficacy of each ingredient of each plant was not required. This was a major
step toward more sensible regulations in regard to phytomedicines.
My thanks are due to the staff of CRC Press who have made this series possible and especially
to the volume editors and their chapter contributors for the authoritative information.
Dr. Roland Hardman
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
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Foreword
At the beginning of the third millennium, phytotherapy is experiencing one of its most exciting
moments, not only due to the increase in the consumption of medicinal plants, but also to the
important phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical investigations that are being conducted to
develop products with sufficient guarantees of quality, efficacy, and security. Species with essences
rich in anethole, such as star anise (Illicium verum), aniseed (Pimpinella anisum), and fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare), are commercially important as a result of their uses in medicine and diet.
These species are studied in depth in the book. The simultaneous study of anise fruits, commercially
known as “seeds,” is habitual in the pharmacopoeias and phytotherapy texts because their thera-
peutic applications (bronchial expectorant, gastrointestinal spasmolytic, carminative, etc.) are fun-
damentally caused by anethole, although other phytochemical components are different. Other
species of economic interest belonging to the genera cited are also discussed in the text.
Chinese star anise is widely used as a spice for flavoring food and beverages. Its adulteration
with the fruits of a species of similar morphology, Japanese star anise (I. anisatum), of which the
sesquiterpenlactone anisatin is the main cause of toxicity, is relatively frequent. In recent years, a
sanitary warning has been issued in Spain as a result of this adulteration, causing a fall in the
market for I. verum until all imported versions were analyzed. The phytochemistry of I. verum, as
well as that of other species of Illicium, is also studied in the text, which provides the book with
an additional discussion of current affairs.
The text includes a revision of the botanical characterization of the species, including the
methods of cultivation, harvesting, and drying/storage; chemical constituents; therapeutic and
pharmacological properties; and the monographs, formulations, economic importance, and market
trends, which will be useful for university professors and students, sanitation professionals, inves-
tigators, and persons working with aromatic and medicinal plants.
I wish to finish this brief prologue with words of gratitude. First, I would like to thank Dr.
Roland Hardman, who proposed the coordination of this book to me, for his constant aid in the
updating of the content. In addition, I want to express my gratitude to all the contributors, whose
dedication and infinite patience have allowed the book to finally see the light after multiple
vicissitudes. Finally, of course, I would like to thank the editorial staff of CRC Press, which
continues to publish the texts of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants — Industrial Profiles series.
Manuel Miró Jodral
Granada, Spain
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC