Il traffico di organi nel mercato globale

100 Pages·2002·5.002 MB·Italian

by  Nancy Scheper Hughes

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© 200N0an cy Scheper-HuThgeh Weesnn eer-G reFno undatifoonr
AnthropolRoegsiecarachl
Traduziodnal'ela meridic aCnrois tinaG ottardi
Prima ediziointea lioatntao:b2 re00 1
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ISB8N8 -87009-23-6
Indice
7 Premessa
9 Introduzione
12 1.A ntroposluom gair te
16 2.E conomgilao bael ceo rpcoo meb ene
dic onsumo
23 3.I ndiialb: a zadre gloir gani
26 4.C inai:lc orpdoe llSot ato
31 5.D ilembmiio etici
36 6.B isoganrit ifiec sicaalris iintvàe ntate
44 7.L am ortceh ep receldaem orte
.50 8.O rganriub atlie:g gened ree altà
.54 9.B io-piraStteartieoa s :o tto-cittadini
62 10.Su dafriccoar:pd ie ll'apartheid
74 11B.r asifluer:tv oe,n didtoan,or etribuito,
donazione universale
89 12.C onclusione
93 Rifirimbeinbtlii ografici

Premessa
Questsoa gg1 ivoi enoeff ertcoo meu ns urroga­
to" trapiandtaaltlo'"in terdviSe indtnoeM yi ntz
"SmallW arsT:h eC ultuProa!l itoifCc hsil dhood",
cheh oa vutlo' onodir per esenilt a2r8oe t tobre
199a6l lJao hnHso pkiUnnsi vetr.yUs niav ersione
riviset aam plidaitq au ell'intèes rtvaeptnuatb o­
bliccaotmae i ntroduzaSi moanleWl a rsT:h eC ul­
turPao!l itoi/Cc hsi ldhaoc oudr,da i N ancSyc he­
per-Hugeh Ceasr olSyanr ge(nUtn iverosfCi at­y
liforPnirae sBse,r kelLeoysAn; g ele1s9 98S)pe.r o
chet racdceel slean sibsitloirteiàdc e at nografica
di Mintszir itroavinncoh nee lmliaa a nalidseill a
trasformadzeigoolrnige a unmia niinb endii con­
sumoe,n nesivmaar iadnetcleo mmercgiloo baldei
corpi, deeb siisdoegrin i (c1f9r8. 5QM)uie.ns ttzo
articeomleor gdeau np iùa mpipor ogeitntc oo l­
laboraz"iSoenllineg,L ifec"o,d iredtatlosl oat to­
scrietd taLa a wrenCcoeh eanl lUani versoifCt ay­
liforBneirak,e leef yi,n anzdiaalltOaop enS ociety
Lav ersiqounpier esenèta aptpaa risn"a C urrAenntth ro­
[N.d.R.].
pologyv"o,l um4e1 n,u mer2o,a pril2e0 00
8 NancySc heper·Hughes
FoundatdiiNo enw Y orkA. q uesptroo gectotlo­
laboraanncoh Dea vide S heiRloat hmaUnn.ap ri­
mab ozzdae ll'arèti sctoalstoca r iqtutaan deor o
ricercaptrreislcs'eoI nstoinVt iuotlee nce, Culture
andS urvivaalllV ai rgiFnoiuan datfiootrnh Heu ­
manitdii eCsh arlottJeosavGoiu lliel.h eBrimeehl
hac ollaboarlalrtaao c codletida a teia lldai scus·
siondeim oltid eglair gometnotic cina tqiu esto
saggIinoB .r assiolneso t aatsas isdtiatM aa riana
K.F erre(iDriap artidmieA nnttor opolUongii­a,
versdiitS àa nP aoloN)ù,b iBae ntRoo drigues
(Medicisnoac iFaalceo,l dtiMà e diciUnniav,e rsità
delS alvadeoM ri)s hKlae in( DipartidmiAe nn­to
tropologia, diU Snani CvaerrlsoiIstnS)à u. d Af ri­
cas onsot aatiau tina tmaa niersat raorddiania ria
mieia ssisdtiec natim poA:n thoMnoyn gMae lwa­
nad elUlnai verosfCi atpyTe o wne CharloRtot­e
mandi GoodwooCda,p eT ownL'.a ssistoefn­za
fertnae llrai cerdcaa S uzannCea lpesdterill a
Georgaen dM aryF ostAenrt hropoLliobgryadi r y
Berkelè esyt aitnae stimMaobliletc.io· ll egdheil
Dipartimdie nAtnot ropolao Bgeirak elee dye l
DipartimednitA on tropolsoogciiaad liCe a pe
Town hanncoo ntribinu miatnoi esroas tanazli­ale
lar evi�idoinq eu esdtooc umentAo t.u tltoirs oo ­
noe stremamgernattea .
Introduzione
L'urgendiz ap erveniar neu ovsit andaertdi ci
internazipoenrla acl hiir urdgeitiar apiaallnatl iu,­
ced ir appodrita ib usaii d anndie im embrpii ù
svantagdgeillasato ic iehtarià u,n inteol cliat tadina
italiadniBa e llangeisloe ttèmdberl1e 9 9un5 pic­
colgor uppdio c hirurgdheiit rapianti, specialisti
dellaac quisidziio orngea enis,p edir tsic ienszoe­
ciaela it tivpiesridt iiri tutmia nis,o tltaos upervi­
siondee llos torsioccoi Daalvei Rdo thmaQnu.e ­
stgor upploaB, e llaTgaisoFk o rcoenO rgaTnr an­
splantaBtioodinl,Iy n tegarintdyt ,h Ien temational
Traffiinc Organdsic, u fia ccpiaor tees,a mignlai
effetettii scoic,i eam leidi cdie llcao mmercializza­
ziondie o rgaunmia neil ea ccudis ea busdiei d i­
rittium anin elrlaac coeld tias tribuzdieognoleri ­
ganin ell'amdbiuni tcor escente mercato globale.
Ip untpii ùur gednate is aminsaorneiop resun­
tie spiadin otrig adnaip rigiongiieursit iinz Ciia­ti
nae in altpria edselil 'Aesd ieaSl u dA meriocga­,
gettpoo id iv erter ansazcioomnmie rcpiearliil
mercadteoti r apiailn ctoin;t itnruaoff idic oo rga­
niin Indian,o nostannutoevl ee grgein daqnuoe -
IO NancySc heper-Hughes
stpar atilielcgaa ilnem oltree gioqnuia;lv ee ristià
nasconddiae tariso o spegtetnie raldiimz uztaitlia ­
zionfiu,rdi t cio repr ia pimednibt aim bipneirr e­
periroer gadneis tianlalctahi i rudregtiir aa pianti.
$ùllbaa sdee llmei ep recedreincteir scuhllea
realstoàc ieam leet afocrhiecs atdia e tralol ev oci
dif urtid io rgaen bia mbiinniB ras(ilSec heper­
Hugh1e9s9 11,9 92:c6a)ep a .l tr(oSvceh eper-Hu­
ghe1s9 96sao)n sot aitnav itaaf tapara rtdeiq ue­
stTaa sFko rcceo mee tnografaJ-oagnaAlt. rs oep­o
condion contnre1ol9,9 6s,o nsot aitnac aricdia ta
condururnear iceertcnao grasfitÙcc oan tessot­o
ciadleell cah irurdgeiita r apiiannt tripe a es-i
BrasiSlued,a friec (ai cno llaborcaozniil o mnieo
colledgiaB erkeLlaewyr enCcoeh enI)n d-isacel­
tip roprpieor clhaép ratdiectiar apisaisn ttraii ­
velandlìo u naq uestimoonletc oo ntroversa.
L'Indcioan tiandue as seurneod eliu ogphriin ­
cipalid it raffincaoz ioneai lnet ernazidoirn eanlie
acquisdtada otnia tViovrein tAii di.b attmietdii ci
e filososfuillcvaie ndidteair en(ic fDra.a r1 989,
199109,9 2,a1 992Rbe;d d1y9 90E;v an1s9 89Ri;­
charedtsa l1.9 98e)a glsit umdeid icciir lc'aa lto
tassdio m ortalittràiari cevesnttria ndiier rie ni
acquisitnIa ntdii( ac fSra.al ahudeete n1 a9l9.0 ),
nonè s eguitaloc unsot udaid oo cumentgaliefr ­e
fetmtie diecs io ciaal luin gtoe rmidneel vlean dita
derie nsiu vie nditloelr oir,fo a miglleil eo,rc oo ­
munitIànB. r asliela ec cudsier apimednibt aim ­
binfiu,rti d ir eneic ommercdii oor gatneis,s eu ti
altrpea rtid eclo rpoc ontinunanoon ostalan'pt ­e
provazinoenl1e 9 9d7i u nal egsgulel dao nazione
Ilt raffdiico or ganneil m ercatgol obale 11
univervsoallates a,o ffocalreev ocei iam pedilroe
sviludpiup onm ercailtloe gdailo er gaInniS .u da­
friclaari organizzraazdiicoadnleleel saa niptuàb ­
blicsao tltaon uovdae mocraez idilai rottamento
deif ondsit atvalie rsloap rimaas sistheannznao
spostdaitaolie sc ih irudregtiir aa pinaenslte it tore
privactoonp, r evedibili cnoengsaetgiiunve en ze
termidniie quistoàc iaNlelel.os testseom poa,c ­
cusdeig raavbiu smie dicsip-ecialilm pernetlei e­
voi lledgiao lreg anneig olib itdoelril pao lizdiua­,
ranet deo pog lain ndie ll'aparstohneaoir dr-iva­
tedi fronatlelC ao mmissiufofincei apleerl aV e­
ritàe laR iconcilidaezlSi uodnaef rIincfai.n e,
SheilRao thman (199e8 un) picoc oglruppdoi
studednitim edicihnaan nion iziuantario c erca
parallneelllaca i tdit àN ewY orkI.l orpor imrii­
sulteavtiid enzoisatnaoc ao ulin op re-screening
favorepveorll eed onneg,la if ro-ameer igclain i
ispanciacnid idala ttria pianto.
li primroa ppordteoll aB ellagTiaos Fko rce
(Rothmeataln . 1 997ra)c comanldaca rveaa zione
diu nc omitianttoe rnazidoins aloerv eglisauin za
donatocroinil, c ompidtioi ndagsauirs eo spetti
dia buspia espee rp aeseed if ungedrace e ntdrio
informaszuillopenr ia tidcidh oen azidoengeol ri­
ganCio.m ep rimpoa ssLoa,w renCcoeh eDn,a vid
Rothmaein o a bbialmaon ciuantn ou ovpor oget­
tot rienn"aMleed,i cMianrek,e atnsd,B odies/Or­
ganWsa tchs"u,p pordtaaltlo' OSpoecni eItnsyt i­
tuteei ncardipnraetslosa Uo n iverosfiC tayl ifor­
niaB,e rkeel elyaM edicSacih ooolfC olumbia
UniverNseiwtY yo,r kL'.o sservaitnotreiniodn e-
12 NancySc heper·Hughes
dagare, mondiotcourmaernete,ap rueb blicizzare
(coln' aidiu taot tiviinstteir nazpieorind ailrii tti
umaneit,n ogrloacfaieli s tudedin tmie dicilnea )
violazdieoidn iir iutmtain nie lla raec nceolllat a
distribudzeigoolrnige a Nneli .b ienn1i9o9 9-2000
cia spettdiiaa mgog iunalgleanr oes trriac ecrocla­
lettniuvoav cie ntnreil l'EEusrto pian,M edio
Oriennteel,l 'sAusdi-ao rieeni tnAa mleer iLcaa­
tina.
1. Antroposluo Mgairt e
Quesstaog rgaipop resleann otsat prrai mian ­
cursiionnun et erritaloirieon aov ,o lotset ilepe e ­
ricol1,o nseol l'indit eesnptloo rlaapr rea tidceai
trapiead netlirl aac codliot rag aent ie ssiunot bii ­
torlia,b oraptriogrii,o onsip,e dea slail oep erato­
riea ll imidteel cllaa ndestdionvaievt vài,e unneo
scambdiioc orpi, eo tregcannoil aolgdi i leà d i
qualsicaosnif ilnoec,ao l nea zionQaulaes.ti u tit i
luogihnic ui sie ffettuidneoit rapisaonntinoi
qualcmhoed op artedi unar etgel obanleel;l o
stestseom ppoe rlò' ambideenlltcaeh irurdgeiia
trapièap nitcic oelp oe rsonealai e s,u olii vepllii ù
alti poetsrseebprbaeer agonaau tnpo a esienc ui
tutctoin oscotnuot tDii.v enqtuian deis senziale
mantenelr'ea nonidmeagtlioin formastaolrvio,
colocrhoeh anngoi eàs prepsusbob licaompein­te
nioenc io mmenti.
Coheeni oa bbiasmvoo lltano o strircae rtcraa
i1199e6 i1 1998p,e ru nt otadil cei nqviuaeg gsiu l