IEC 61850: Digitizing the Electric Power Grid

353 Pages·2022·28.076 MB·English

by  Alexander Apostolov

IEC 61850
Digitizing the Electric Power Grid
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IEC 61850
Digitizing the Electric Power Grid
Alexander Apostolov
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-63081-884-5
Cover design by Mark Bergeron
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Contents
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1
Smart Grid Definition 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Power System Hierarchy 4
1.2.1 Megasystem 5
1.2.2 Power System 6
1.3 Grid Control Concept 12
1.4 Reliability 14
1.5 Electric Power System Security 16
1.6 Efficiency 18
1.7 Digitization Versus Digitalization 19
References 22
CHAPTER 2
Smart Grid Functions 23
2.1 General Function Categories 23
2.2 Types of Functions 24
2.2.1 Protection Functions 25
2.2.2 Control Functions 26
2.2.3 Automation Functions 26
2.2.4 Monitoring and Recording Functions 26
2.2.5 Supervision Functions 27
2.2.6 Auxiliary Functions 27
2.3 Components of Smart Grid Systems 28
2.3.1 Functions and Function Elements 28
2.3.2 Communication Interfaces in the Smart Grid 30
2.4 Messages in Smart Grid Systems 32
2.4.1 Fast Messages 34
2.4.2 Medium-Speed Messages 34
2.4.3 Low-Speed Messages 34
2.4.4 Raw Data Messages 34
v
vi Contents
2.4.5 File Transfer 35
2.4.6 Time Synchronization 35
2.4.7 Command Messages 35
CHAPTER 3
Requirements for IEC 61850 37
3.1 General Requirements 37
3.1.1 Interoperability 37
3.1.2 Free Configuration 38
3.1.3 Long-Term Stability 38
3.1.4 Flexibility 39
3.1.5 Communication Support 39
3.2 Modeling Requirements 40
3.2.1 Modeling Requirements for Multifunctional IEDs 41
3.2.2 Function Elements Modeling 43
3.3 Requirements for Engineering Support 46
3.4 Testing-Related Requirements 48
Reference 49
CHAPTER 4
Development of IEC 61850 51
4.1 IEC International Standard Development Process 51
4.2 The Development of the IEC 61850 53
4.2.1 UCA 2.0 54
4.2.2 IEC 61850 56
4.3 The Insider’s View 59
References 62
CHAPTER 5
The IEC 61850 Standard and Related Documents 65
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 IEC Standard Document Types 65
5.3 The Core IEC 61850 Standard Parts 66
5.3.1 Part 1 67
5.3.2 Part 2 68
5.3.3 Part 3 68
5.3.4 Part 4 68
5.3.5 Part 5 69
5.3.6 Part 6 69
5.3.7 Part 7-1 70
5.3.8 Part 7-2 70
5.3.9 Part 7-3 71
5.3.10 Part 7-4 71
5.3.11 Part 8-1 72
5.3.12 Part 8-2 72
5.3.13 Part 9-1 73
Contents vii
5.3.14 Part 9-2 73
5.3.15 Part 9-3 74
5.3.16 Part 10 74
5.4 The IEC 61850 Standard-Related Documents 74
Reference 76
CHAPTER 6
Substation Communication Basics 77
6.1 Introduction 77
6.2 Communication Requirements 77
6.2.1 Who Is Sending and Who Is Receiving the Information? 78
6.2.2 What Is the Information That We Need to Exchange? 79
6.2.3 What Is the Reason That We Need to Exchange Information? 79
6.2.4 How Can We Exchange the Information? 79
6.3 Communication Nodes 80
6.4 Transmission Modes 81
6.4.1 Definition 81
6.4.2 Simplex Mode 82
6.4.3 Half-Duplex Mode 82
6.4.4 Full-Duplex Mode 82
6.5 Communication Media 83
6.5.1 Wired Media 83
6.5.2 Wireless Media 84
6.6 Network Area 84
6.6.1 PAN 85
6.6.2 LAN 85
6.6.3 MAN 85
6.6.4 WAN 85
6.7 Network Topology 85
6.7.1 Network Topology Definition 85
6.7.2 Bus Topology 86
6.7.3 Ring Topology 87
6.7.4 Star Topology 87
6.7.5 Mesh Topology 88
6.7.6 Tree Topology 88
6.7.7 Hybrid Topologies 88
6.8 Functional Relationships 88
6.8.1 Relationships 88
6.8.2 Master/Slave 89
6.8.3 Client/Server 90
6.8.4 P2P 90
6.9 Communication Protocols 90
6.9.1 Protocol Definition 90
6.9.2 Message Encoding 91
6.9.3 Message Formatting 91
6.9.4 Message Timing 91
viii Contents
6.9.5 Message Size 91
6.9.6 Message Delivery Option 92
CHAPTER 7
Technology Fundamentals 93
7.1 Introduction 93
7.2 The OSI Model 94
7.3 MMS 95
7.4 ASN.1 97
7.5 TCP/IP and UDP/IP 98
7.6 The Ethernet 100
7.7 PRP and HSR 102
7.8 UML 103
7.9 XML 108
References 109
CHAPTER 8
Object Modeling and Virtualization 111
8.1 Introduction 111
8.2 Object-Oriented Design Principles 112
8.3 Functional Decomposition 113
8.4 Functional Hierarchy: Functions, Subfunctions, and Function Elements 116
8.5 Data Objects and Attributes 117
8.6 Data Sets 119
CHAPTER 9
IEC 61850 Model Details 121
9.1 Introduction 121
9.2 The IEC 61850 Logical Node Object Model 122
9.3 The IEC 61850 Logical Device Model 128
9.4 The IEC 61850 Server Object Model 130
9.5 The IEC 61850 Data Model 131
9.5.1 Data Modeling Principles 131
9.5.2 Data Modeling of Measurements 132
9.5.3 Data Modeling of Protection-Related Data Objects and Attributes 135
9.6 The IEC 61850 Transformer Protection IED Model 136
References 139
CHAPTER 10
GOOSE Communications and Their Applications 141
10.1 Introduction 141
10.2 GOOSE in UCA 2.0 143
10.3 IEC 61850 GOOSE 145
10.4 GOOSE Applications to Adaptive Distribution Protection 150
10.4.1 Adapting to Changes in Substation Configuration 150
Contents ix
10.4.2 Adapting to Faults on Adjacent Feeders 151
10.4.3 Adapting to the Loss of Protection IED 153
10.5 GOOSE Applications to Transmission Line Protection 154
10.6 GOOSE Applications to System Integrity Protection Schemes 156
10.7 GOOSE Benefits 157
References 158
CHAPTER 11
Sampled Value Communications and Their Applications 159
11.1 Introduction 159
11.2 How Sampled Values Were Developed 162
11.3 IEC 61850 Sampled Value Model 164
11.4 Implementation Agreement IEC 61850 9-2 LE 168
11.5 IEC 61869-9 170
11.6 Using Sampled Values for High-Voltage Bus Protection 174
11.7 Using Sampled Values for Disturbance Recording 176
References 179
CHAPTER 12
Standards-Based Engineering 181
12.1 Introduction 181
12.2 Object-Oriented Standards-Based Engineering of Protection Systems 182
12.2.1 Standard Bays 185
12.2.2 Standard Substations 185
12.3 IEC 61850 Substation Configuration Language 186
12.3.1 The Substation Model 188
12.3.2 The Product (IED) Model 189
12.3.3 The Communication System Model 189
12.3.4 Data Flow Modeling 190
12.3.5 Modeling of Redundancy 191
12.4 SCL Files 192
12.4.1 IED Specification Description 192
12.4.2 IED Capability Description 193
12.4.3 Instantiated IED Description 193
12.4.4 System Specification Description 194
12.4.5 Substation Configuration Description 194
12.4.6 Configured IED Description 194
12.4.7 System Interface Exchange Description 194
12.5 IEC 61850 SCL Engineering Process 195
12.6 SCL-Based Standardization Process 197
12.6.1 Standard Scheme Template 198
12.6.2 Defined Standard Scheme 199
12.6.3 Applied Standard Scheme 199
12.6.4 Instantiated Standard Scheme 200
References 201