Table Of ContentIdentifying a Free Society
Studies in Critical
Social Sciences
Series Editor
David Fasenfest (Wayne State University)
Editorial Board
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (Duke University)
Chris Chase-Dunn (University of California-Riverside)
William Carroll (University of Victoria)
Raewyn Connell (University of Sydney)
Kimberlé W. Crenshaw (University of California, la, and
Columbia University)
Heidi Gottfried (Wayne State University)
Karin Gottschall (University of Bremen)
Mary Romero (Arizona State University)
Alfredo Saad Filho (University of London)
Chizuko Ueno (University of Tokyo)
Sylvia Walby (Lancaster University)
volume 107
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By most Millian criteria (of liberty), (economically) regimented Scandi-
navia was freer than my America. For years libertarians have been chal-
lenged to explain what appears to most observers to be the greater politi-
cal freedoms and tolerances that prevail in Scandinavia than in America.
I was told that none of this would last, active government economic
policy had to result in loss of civil liberties and personal freedoms. One
still waits.
samuelson 1964, pp. 226–27
…
Apply the moral yardstick of certain fundamental human rights to all
forms of power and government, to Hitler, Stalin, Amin and Pinochet
as to the governments which are responsible for Northern Ireland, the
Southern United States and German ‘guest workers’ [so as not] to call any
government legitimate which violates these rights.
dahrendorf 1979, p. 110
⸪
Contents
Acknowledgement xi
List of Illustrations xii
1 Introduction: Modern Free Society 1
The Free, Freer, Freest Modern Society and Societies 1
Democracy, Capitalism, and Modern Free Society 2
Liberty, Equality, and Justice in Modern Free Society 9
Definition and Specification of Modern Free Society 14
Modern Free Society and the Type of Democracy 14
Modern Free Society and the Type of Economy 22
Modern Free Society and the Type of Culture 29
Modern Free Society and the Type of Civil Society 31
Modern Free Society in Aggregate 34
Modern Free Society versus Unfree and Pseudo-Free Societies 35
Classification of Modern Societies 38
Organization of the Work 40
2 The Political Condition and Indicator of Modern Free
Society—Democracy 42
Conditions and Indicators of Democracy 42
Formal-Procedural Democracy 45
Substantive-Effective Democracy 52
Comparative Estimates and Types of Democracy 63
Classification of Modern Political Systems 65
Comparative Estimates of Democracy for Western
and Related Societies 68
A Note on Liberal Democracies and Welfare States 80
3 Sources and Grounds for Democracy Estimates 83
Aggregate Estimates of Democracy 83
Freedoms, Rights, and Opportunities to Political Participation 93
Ideological-Political Pluralism and Competition 103
Effective Universal Political and Civil Liberties 106
Effective Democratic Rule 112
State Terror 112
Imprisonment and Executions as Elements of State Terror 115
Effective Freedom of Opinion and Dissent 119
Global Press Freedoms 120
viii Contents
Effective Universalism, Equality, and Justice of Government
Goods and Sanctions 121
Universalism and Egalitarianism in Public Goods 121
Justice of Government Sanctions 124
Peace in the Polity and Pacifism 125
Peace Estimates 125
Pacifism versus Militarism Estimates 128
Militarism versus Democracy—The Persistent ‘Janus Face
of the West’? 130
Appendix 3.1 Qualitative Considerations of Political Freedoms 133
4 The Economic Condition and Indicator of Modern Free Society—A Free
Economy 169
Conditions and Indicators of a Free Economy 169
Conditions and Indicators of a Free Economy
and Types of Capitalism 187
Classification of Modern Economic Systems 189
Comparative Estimates of a Free Economy for Western
and Related Societies 191
5 Sources and Grounds for Free Economy Estimates 199
General Considerations 199
Property Freedoms and Rights 203
Free Trade and Freedom of Foreign Investment 205
Labor Freedom and Agency 212
Labor Rights, Rewards, and Benefits 214
Global Labor Rights 214
Labor Rewards and Benefits 220
Freedom of Movement of Labor 228
Appendix 5.1 Qualitative Considerations of Economic
Freedoms 233
6 The Cultural Condition and Indicator of Modern Free Society—A Free
Culture 257
Conditions and Indicators of a Free Culture 257
Types of Culture and Comparative Estimates of Cultural
Liberty 273
Classification of Modern Cultures 274
Comparative Estimates of Free Culture for Western and
Related Societies 276
Contents ix
7 Sources and Grounds for Free Culture Estimates 285
Artistic Liberties and Rights 285
Scientific/Academic Freedoms and Rights 292
Educational Freedoms and Rights 294
Ideological and Religious Freedoms and Rights 302
Culture Openness 311
Appendix 7.1 Notes on Cultural Freedom Estimates for the us 316
8 The Civic Condition and Indicator of Modern Free Society—A Free
Civil Society 326
Conditions and Indicators of Free Civil Society 326
Comparative Estimates and Types of Civil Society 349
Classification of Modern Civil Societies 351
Comparative Estimates of Free Civil Society for Western and Related
Societies 353
9 Sources and Grounds for Free Civil Society Estimates 361
Civil Liberties in General 361
Individual Liberty and Privacy 363
Reproductive Liberties and Rights 376
Freedom of Alcohol Production, Distribution, and
Consumption 379
Freedom of Drug Production, Distribution, and Consumption 383
The Death Penalty for Drug Offenses 383
Sexual Freedoms and Rights 388
Legal Status of Extramarital Sex 388
Legal Status of Same-sex Marriage 391
Legal Status of Prostitution 392
Peace and Peaceful Conflict Resolution in Civil Society 396
Appendix 9.1 Qualitative Considerations of Civil Liberties 405
10 Summary and Conclusion 423
Summary of Findings 423
Conclusions 432
References 451
Index 469
