Identification of Pathogenic Fungi, Second Edition

337 Pages·2013·21.1 MB·English

by  Colin K. Campbell

IDENTIFICATION OF
PATHOGENIC FUNGI
I D E N T I F I C AT I O N O F
PAT H O G E N I C F U N G I
Colin K. Campbell
PhD
Health Protection Agency Mycology Reference Laboratory
Bristol, UK (retired)
Elizabeth M. Johnson
PhD
Health Protection Agency Mycology Reference Laboratory
Bristol, UK
David W. Warnock
PhD, FAAM, FRCPath
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
SECOND EDITION
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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This text was co-authored by David W. Warnock in his private capacity.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Campbell, Colin K.
Identification of pathogenic fungi / Colin Campbell, Elizabeth Johnson, David W. Warnock. – 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: Identification of pathogenic fungi / Colin K. Campbell ... [et al.]. London : Public Health
Laboratory Service, c1996.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4443-3070-0 (hardback)
I. Johnson, Elizabeth M., Ph. D. II. Warnock, D. W. III. Identification of pathogenic fungi. IV. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Fungi–isolation & purification. 2. Fungi–pathogenicity. 3. Mycoses–diagnosis. QW 180]
579.5–dc23
2012044506
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
available in electronic books.
Cover design by Andrew Magee Design Ltd
Set in 9.75/14pt Palatino by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited, Hong Kong
1 2013
CONTENTS
Preface, ix
Acknowledgements, xi
 1 Introduction, 1
 2 Identification of Moulds, 11
Media for Mould Identification, 14
Mounting Fluids, 16
 3 Moulds with Arthrospores, 18
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, 20
Coccidioides species, 24
Onychocola canadensis, 28
 4 Moulds with Aleuriospores: I. The Dermatophytes, 31
Microsporum gypseum, 38
Microsporum canis, 40
Microsporum equinum, 42
Epidermophyton floccosum, 44
Trichophyton terrestre, 46
Trichophyton rubrum, 48
Trichophyton interdigitale, 52
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 54
Trichophyton erinacei, 56
Trichophyton equinum, 58
Trichophyton soudanense, 60
Microsporum persicolor, 62
Trichophyton tonsurans, 64
Microsporum audouinii, 66
Trichophyton violaceum, 68
Trichophyton verrucosum, 70
Trichophyton schoenleinii, 72
Trichophyton concentricum, 74
Other Microsporum and Trichophyton species, 76
 5 Moulds with Aleuriospores: II. Others, 80
Geomyces pannorum, 82
Chrysosporium keratinophilum, 84
Myceliophthora thermophila, 86
v
CONTENTS
Histoplasma capsulatum, 88
Blastomyces dermatitidis, 92
Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis, 96
 6 Moulds with Holoblastic Conidia, 99
Aureobasidium pullulans, 102
Sporothrix schenckii, 104
Cladophialophora bantiana, 106
Cladosporium sphaerospermum, 108
Fonsecaea pedrosoi, 110
Rhinocladiella atrovirens, 112
Rhinocladiella mackenziei, 114
Ochroconis gallopava, 116
Alternaria alternata, 118
Ulocladium chartarum, 120
Curvularia lunata, 122
Bipolaris hawaiiensis, 124
Exserohilum rostratum, 126
 7 Moulds with Enteroblastic Conidia Adhering in Chains, 129
Aspergillus flavus species complex, 134
Aspergillus fumigatus species complex, 136
Aspergillus glaucus, 138
Aspergillus nidulans species complex, 140
Aspergillus versicolor species complex, 142
Aspergillus ustus species complex, 144
Aspergillus niger species complex, 146
Aspergillus terreus species complex, 148
Aspergillus candidus species complex, 150
Penicillium marneffei, 152
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, 154
Purpureocillium lilacinum, 156
Paecilomyces variotii, 158
 8 Moulds with Enteroblastic Conidia Adhering in Wet Masses, 161
Fusarium lichenicola, 166
Fusarium dimerum species complex, 168
Fusarium semitectum, 170
Fusarium proliferatum, 172
vi
CONTENTS
Fusarium oxysporum species complex, 174
Fusarium solani species complex, 176
Acremonium strictum, 178
Acremonium kiliense, 180
Lecythophora mutabilis, 182
Scedosporium prolificans, 184
Scedosporium apiospermum, 186
Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, 188
Pleurostomophora richardsiae, 190
Phialophora verrucosa, 192
Hortaea werneckii, 194
Exophiala spinifera, 196
Exophiala dermatitidis, 198
Exophiala jeanselmei, 200
 9 Mucoraceous Moulds and Their Relatives, 203
Cunninghamella bertholletiae, 208
Lichtheimia corymbifera, 210
Rhizomucor pusillus, 212
Mucor circinelloides, 214
Rhizopus microsporus, 216
Rhizopus arrhizus, 218
Mucor hiemalis, 220
Basidiobolus ranarum, 222
Conidiobolus coronatus, 224
Pythium insidiosum, 226
Apophysomyces elegans, 228
Saksenaea vasiformis, 230
Mortierella wolfii, 232
10 Miscellaneous Moulds, 235
Aphanoascus fulvescens, 238
Monascus ruber, 240
Chaetomium species, 242
Phoma herbarum, 244
Myxotrichum deflexum, 246
Schizophyllum commune, 248
Leptosphaeria senegalensis, 250
Neotestudina rosatii, 252
vii
CONTENTS
Piedraia hortae, 254
Lasiodiplodia theobromae, 256
Pyrenochaeta romeroi, 258
Madurella mycetomatis, 260
11 Identification of Yeasts, 263
Media for Yeast Identification, 272
Candida albicans, 274
Candida tropicalis, 276
Candida krusei, 278
Candida lipolytica, 280
Candida kefyr, 281
Candida lusitaniae, 282
Candida parapsilosis, 284
Candida pelliculosa, 286
Candida guilliermondii, 287
Candida glabrata, 288
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, 290
Rhodotorula glutinis, 292
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 294
Geotrichum candidum, 296
Saprochaete capitata, 298
Trichosporon species, 300
Malassezia furfur species complex, 302
Malassezia pachydermatis, 304
12 Identification of Fungi in Sections, Smears and Body Fluids, 305
Appendix 1: Common Mycological Terms, 321
Appendix 2: Further Reading, 325
Species Index, 327
Subject Index, 333
viii
PREFACE
In the seventeen years that have elapsed since the first edition of this manual was pub-
lished, much progress has been made in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of fungal
diseases. Nonetheless, these infections continue to be a leading cause of serious illness and
death in many different patient populations. New methods of diagnosis have been intro-
duced and new antifungal agents have been licensed for use, but these developments have
been offset by the emergence of resistance to several classes of drugs and an increase in
infections caused by fungi with innate resistance to one or more classes.
Many of the moulds that are now recognized as being capable of producing serious
disease in immunocompromised or debilitated individuals are environmental organisms
whose natural habitat is in the soil or on plants, wood, compost heaps, or rotting food.
Most are familiar to mycologists, plant pathologists and food microbiologists, but they
present problems for the clinical microbiologist who often has had no formal training in
the identification of fungi. This process can be challenging and sometimes frustrating
because of the importance placed on the morphological characteristics of the organisms,
and the need to become familiar with a wide range of different structures and terms.
As before, this manual has been designed for use by medical, scientific and technical staff
in hospital laboratories in the UK and abroad, but we hope it will also be of interest to
other groups of scientists. The organisms described have been grouped in chapters accord-
ing to spore-bearing structures produced in culture, rather than simply being ordered on
an alphabetical basis. Each chapter has been arranged so that the descriptions for similar
organisms may be found on adjacent pages. In addition, we have attempted to provide
differential diagnoses on the basis of both colonial appearance and microscopic character-
istics for the organisms described. Although molecular methods are assuming an ever
greater importance, routine identification of moulds still rests, for the most part, on mor-
phological examination. To assist with this, we have added colour illustrations of cultures
and microscopic structures to the line drawings that are found throughout the manual.
Lack of space has precluded the inclusion of every rare organism that might be isolated
from a clinical specimen. In some cases a single representative member of a genus is
described, and isolates that appear similar to the description provided may need to be
referred to a specialist for confirmation of the identification.
For this edition, we have added a new chapter on the identification of fungi in his-
topathogical sections and smears. As before, we have included two appendices: the first
giving definitions of many mycological terms in common use and the second listing some
useful monographs and more comprehensive texts that the reader may wish to consult.
Colin K. Campbell
Elizabeth M. Johnson
David W. Warnock
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are very grateful to our colleagues, Dr Andrew Borman, Mrs Adrien Szekely and Dr
Christopher Linton from the Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, for their input during
the development of this new edition, and for their many helpful suggestions for its improve-
ment. We are also grateful to our late colleague Dr Christine Philpot for her involvement
in the first edition. We also wish to thank Kate Newell of Wiley-Blackwell and project
manager Kathy Syplywczak for their invaluable help in the design and production of this
monograph.
Colin K. Campbell
Elizabeth M. Johnson
David W. Warnock
xi