Identification of Antidote Medicinal Plants against Snake Venom

12 Pages·2013·0.25 MB·English

International Journal of Medicine and
Pharmaceutical Sciences (IJMPS)
ISSN(P): 2250-0049; ISSN(E): 2321-0095
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Dec 2013, 21-32
© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDOTE MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST SNAKE VENOM - A
FIELD SURVEY
VIJAYA P1, RANJANI R2, RAO M R3 & SUDARSANAM G4
1Department of Botany, Government Degree College for Women, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
2Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
3Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
4Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
Snake bites in India cause loss of many precious lives. Snakes are considered as harmful to human and to avoid
them many snakes are killed by human. About thousands of people reportedly die of snakebite in India every year and
however, the unreported cases also even more, mostly in rural India. There are two important aspects of snakebite
Management, one is the management of victim of snakebite and then the timely medical management - antivenom serum
therapy. Plant products have many pharmaceutical agents and are used as traditional medicine to cure disorders from
ancient days. There was place for plant medicines, with proven biologically activity particularly for chronic diseases that
were not cured effectively with synthetic medicines. It was very strenuous to generate, unbiased, objective, scientific data
on such plant medicines used in India either directly as folk remedies or medicaments of different indigenous systems of
medicine like Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha, India has nearly 400,000 practitioners of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani etc.
whose services were not appropriately used in the health care services. About 80% of the raw materials for drugs used in
the Indian systems of Medicine and homeopathy is based on plant products. Field survey focuses mainly on alternative
uses of plants for protection against poisonous bites, especially Naja naja - snake venom and identified many antidote
plants.
KEYWORDS: Antidote, Antivenom, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine, Naja naja
INTRODUCTION
Nature has bestowed India with enormous wealth of medicinal flora. Keeping in view of the vastness of the area
and richness of vegetation, systematic efforts to explore and exploit this valuable potential has been lacking with the
exception of some sporadic attempts by a handful of reputed investigators (Satapathy and Panda, 1992; Jain, 1992).
The real progress in this field can only be achieved through intensive interdisciplinary work involving pharmacologists,
botanists, organic chemists and physicians of various systems of medicine such as Allopathy, Homeopathys, practitioners
of Ayurveda, Unani and indigeneous systems of medicine.
There is a feeling in many quarters that tribal medicine is not based on any pharmacological experiment or
scientific testing. Such a notion is largely erroneous because the aims and objectives of the pharmacological experiments or
other means of scientific testing of drugs are achieved in a large measure in tribal medicine through the study and analysis
of properties, therapy and actual experience over long periods. Tribal medicine did have pharmacological principles though
without systematic, experimental or analytical basis.In recent years importance of plant products or herbal drugs are
receiving great attention through pharmacological and clinical experimentation on the herbal drugs used in traditional
medicine is in progress throughout the globe in order to establish their effectiveness and safety.
22 Vijaya P, Ranjani R, Rao M R & Sudarsanam G
Snakebite is an important medical problem in both developing and developed countries (Williams et al., 2010;
Omale James et al.,(2013). The snake bites exceeding 5,000,000 per year in many countries, globally (Mariane
et al., 2011). Snakebite cause approximately 50,000 – 60,000 people die each year globally. And one of the best practice is
identifying herbal medicines for their antivenom activity (Atul Kaushik iet al., 2013). From several studies of plant extracts
and their isolated active principles, Isolated inhibitors, such as steroids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, are able to
inhibit phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) from different snake venoms when used against crude snake venoms or their toxic
fractions (Carvalho, et al., 2013).
A concrete steps on these lines was taken in 1954, when the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) tried to
give a new dimension to research on Indian Medicinal plants by initiating to different disciplines such as botany,
chemistry, pharmacology, etc., were brought together on to the same platform to study the efficacy of medicinal plants as
an integrated and coordinated endeavour. As cited in the introduction part of this are very many investigators contributions
by way of field survey, data collection helped to identify number of medicinal plants in and around the world including
India. In view of this, the author has conducted intensive field work in selected mandal areas of Chittoor district of A.P., to
explore the antidote plants used against snake-bite and the data obtained was presented.
RESULTS
Field survey undertaken in 12 mandal areas out of 62 mandals of Chittoor district revealed the occurence of 31
medicinal plants especially used as antidote ones against snake-bite. The data presented in table:1 confir the prevalence of
the following families of antidote plants.
Acanthaceae 1, Alangiaceae 1, Amaranthaceae 1, Annonaceae 1, Apocynaceae 1, Aristolochiaceae 2,
Asclepiadaceae 1, Asteraceae 5, Convalvulaceae 1, Cucurbitaceae 2, Dioscoriaceae 1, Fabaceae 1, Labiatae 1, Liliaceae
1, Loganiaceae 1, Menispermaceae 2, Mimosaceae 1, Plumbaginaceae 1, Rubiaceae 1, Sapotaceae 1, Scrophulariaceae 1,
Solanaceae 1, Sterculiaceae 1. in each mandal required information was collected from 10 tribal doctor and the possible
number of tribal doctors that prefer the individual plant species for treating snake-bite was shown in table 1. Of all the
plants 3 plant species like Aganosma cymosa, Corallocarpus epigaeus and Randia dumetorum were found to be preferred
by more than 70% of tribal doctors to treat snake-bites. The classification, part used, mode of administration of individual
plants and their related information were presented (table -1). The information collected with regard to the indentification,
use and dose of antidote plants collected from tribal doctors in the field survey was compared with the reports of earlier
authors and was presented in table: 1.
DISCUSSIONS
Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India. The present study was undertaken in this district area which lies
geographically in the South-eastern part of the A.P., India. The district is located at the common borders of the states of
Tamil Nadu and Karnataka with Andhra Pradesh. The district is situated between 1230 and 1405 of the north latitude
and 7805 and 8008 of the East longitude and is bounded on the north by Anantapur, Cuddapah and Nellore districts of
A.P., and on the east and south by the districts of Tamil Nadu state and on the west by Karnataka state. The soils of this
district are red loamy and red sandy types with varying thickness from a few centimeters to a few meters. The elevation
generally varies from 40 m to 1800 m above the mean sea level. The climate of the district as a whole is dry and salubrious
with a maximum temperature of 40C and a minimum of 24C.
The ethno-medico-botanical survey carriedout by the author in 12 mandal areas of Chittoor district of A.P.
Identification of Antidote Medicinal Plants against Snake Venom - A Field Survey 23
revealed the existence of 31 antidote plants especially used by various aboriginal tribes against snake bites alone and the
photographs 1-31 of individual plants collected were presented
The flora of Chittoor district has received much attention by Gamble, (1957); Naidu and Rao, (1967), (1969) and
Naidu et al., (1971); Rao and Raja Reddy, (1983 a,b); and Rangacharyulu, (1991) have also made significant contributions
to identify the flora of Chittoor district. Vedavathy et al., (1992); Narayana Rao et al., (1991); Sudarsanam and Siva
Prasad, (1995); Madhava Chetti et al., (1998) have described the ethnobotanical uses of number of medicinal plants from
Chittoor district. Amongst these the reports of Sudarsanam and Sivaprasad (1995) explored the occurrence of nearly 21
antidote plants in different areas of Chittoor district especially used for various poisonous bites. Compared to the reports of
various authors as shown in table:1 against individual plant species the field survey results presented in table:1 are in
agreement with reports of earlier authors, in relation to their classification, locality, part used, mode of administration, etc.
One of the new aspects choosen by the author in the field survey data collection was that of the number of tribal doctors,
i.e., as 10 and the number of tribal doctors that prefer the individual plants for treating the snake-bite was also presented.
Table 1: Traditional Antidote Plants of Snake Poison in Chittoor District
Botanical Name of No. of
Part Used No. of
the Plant Followed Tribals
{Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration
by Family and Local Prepared
Antidote Enquired
Name as Antidote
1. Andrographis Whole Chandrag 10 6 Leaf powder as antidote
paniculata (Bourm.f) plant iri (Sudarsaname, 1987) root
ex Ness decoction as antidote (Nagaraju,
(Acanthaceae) L.N. 1992) root powder and paste as
Nelavemu antidote (Sivaprasad, 1993) plant
decoction used as antidote
(Hemambara Reddy et al., 1996)
plant used as antidote (Annie
Bright et al., 2001); (Martz, 1992).

Dry root powder (5 g) made into
paste with hot water and smeared
over bite : one spoonful leaf
powder administered internally
(Sudarsanam & Sivaprasad, 1995).

Leaves poultice on the affected
area (Siddigui & Husain, 1990).

Plant is the prominent
ethnobotanical antidote (Garg,
2001).

Methanolic extract used as antidote
(Alam, 2001).

Plant used to snake bite (Jain &
Sahu, 1993; Selvanayagam 1994).
Root powder or extract taken
Aganosma cymosa internally as antidote for cobra bite
(Roxb.)G. Don. Changrag (Sudarsanam, 1987); (Reddy et al.,
2. Root 10 8
Apocynaceae, L.N. iri 1989); (Basireddy, 1991);
Peddanagammale (Vedavathy, 1992); Sudarsanam &
Sivaprasad, 1995).
Alangium salvifolium Stem bark Juice of the bark is given to drink
Veduru
3. (L.f.) Wang. and root 10 4 (Vedavathy, 1992).
Kuppam
Alangiaceae L.N. bark Plant as an antidote (Joshi, 1993);
24 Vijaya P, Ranjani R, Rao M R & Sudarsanam G
Botanical Name of No. of
Part Used No. of
the Plant Followed Tribals
{Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration
by Family and Local Prepared
Antidote Enquired
Name as Antidote
Ooduga (Pullaiah & Dharma Chandra
Kumar, 1996).
Aquious extract of the plant is used
as antidote - (Singh & Maheswari,
Allium sativum L.
Karveti 1992); (Sallal & Aljada, 1996).
4. Liliaceae L.N. Bulb 10 5
Nagaram
Tellagaddalu
Plant is used as antidote (Singh et
al., 2001).
Root paste was used as an antidote
to snake bites (Pullaiah &
Dharmachandra Kunar, 1996).

The decoction of the root mixed
with black pepper gives as an
antidote to snake bite (Singh &
Rao, 1997).

The flowering spikes (or) the seeds
(dried) ground and made into paste
with water, used as an external
Achyrathes aspera L.
Whole application for bites of poisonous
5. Amaranthaceae L.N. K.V.Palli 10 4
plant snakes (Hemambara Reddy, 1996).
Uttareni
The tablets prepared from the roots
of A. aspera with 20 black peppers
(Piper nigrum) raw rice and 20
leaves of Cynodon doctylon gives
with cold water for 5 days to
poisonous effect of snake bite
(Sataphy and Panda, 1992) Plant as
antidote (Otero et al., 2000).

Root powder mixed with water and
given to the snake bite victim
(Siddiqui & Husain, 1990).
Decoction used as antidote
(Hemambara Reddy, et al., 1996);
(Basi Reddy, 1991).

Aristolochia Root infusion for snake bite
bracteolata Lam. Whole (Nagaraju, 1992) leaf, root paste as
6. Pileru 10 5
Aristolochiaceae L.N. plant antidote (Siva Prasad, 1993);
Gadidhagadapa (Sudarsanam & Sivaprasad et al.,
1995).

Plant is a prominent antidote
(Garg, 2001).
Root paste made with neem oil is
applied to eye as an antidote to
snake poison and powder of the
root about a teaspoonsful is given
Aristolochia indica L. internally for 3 days (Vedavathy,
Root &
7. Aristolochiaceae Kuppam 10 6 1992); (Basi Reddy, 1991);
leaves
L.N.Nalla eswari (Nagaraju, 1992); (Siva Prasad,
1993).

Methanolic extract of the plant
used as antidote to viper venom
Identification of Antidote Medicinal Plants against Snake Venom - A Field Survey 25
Botanical Name of No. of
Part Used No. of
the Plant Followed Tribals
{Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration
by Family and Local Prepared
Antidote Enquired
Name as Antidote
(Alam, 2000).

Plant used as a popular antidote to
snake venom (Selvanayagam et al.,
1994).

Fresh root juice (50 g) is given
orally 2 times with a gap of 2 h and
the paste of leaves is applied on
affected part (Imam et al., 1997).

Plant is a prominent ethno antidote
Garg 2001.
Bacopa monnieri (L.)
pennell
Whole Changrag Plant decoction used in snake bite
8. Scrophulariaceae 10 4
plant iri (Jain & Sahu, 1993).
L.N.Neerisambrani
mokka
Plant as antidote (Nadakarni, 1954)
leaf as antidote (Vedavathy, 1987);
(Siva Prasad, 1993).
Cissampelos Pareira

L.
Whole G.D. Plant root are pounded and mixed
9. Menispermaceae 10 5
plant Nellore with water used as antidote (Jain &
L.N.Adivi banka
Sahu, 1993).
teega

Plant is a prominent antidote
(Garg, 2001).
Root powder as antidote
(Vedavathy, 1992). Dried tuber
pounded with pepper, turmeric and
garlic and taken orally for
Corallocarpus poisonous bite (Sudarsanam &
epigaeus (Rottle.) Siva Prasad, 1995).
Tuberous S.R.Pura
10. Clarke 10 8
root m
Cucurbitaceae Root tuber sliced, dried, powdered
L.N. Nagadonda / eaten or drunk with water
(Hemambara Reddy et al., 1996).

Plant is a prominent antidote
(Garg, 2001).
Root paste mixed with turmeric
Calotropis gigantea powder is given (Vedavathy, 1992;
(L.) R.Br. Singh & Maheswari, 1992).
11. Root Irala 10 3
Asclepiadaceae
L.N. Erra gilledu Root is applied on snakebite (Jain
& Sahu, 1993).
Datura metal L.
Leaf & Chandrag Root bark for snakebite (Basi
12. Solanaceae 10 4
Root iri Reddy, 1991).
L.N. - Ummetha
Dioscorea
oppositifolia L. Tuberous Tirupati Infusion / drunk (Hemambara
13. 10 2
Dioscoreaceae root rural Reddy, 1996).
L.N. - Yella gadda
Diplocyclos Palmatus Bitter tuberous root paste taken
Tuberous
14. (L.) Jeffrey. V.Kota 10 3 internally for snake bite
root
Cucurbitaceae (Sudarsanam & Siva Prasad 1995).
26 Vijaya P, Ranjani R, Rao M R & Sudarsanam G
Botanical Name of No. of
Part Used No. of
the Plant Followed Tribals
{Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration
by Family and Local Prepared
Antidote Enquired
Name as Antidote
L.N. - Lingadonda
Plant is used as antidote (Garg,
2001).
Ethanolic and aqueous extract of
the aerial parts used as antidote to
rattle snake (Mors et al., 1989);
(Selvanayagam et al., 1994).

Plant is used as antidote (Martz,
Eclipta prostrata L.
Aerial S.R.Pura 1992).
15. Asteraeceae 10 5
parts m
L.N. -
Plant is used against crotalid
venoms (Melo et al., 1994).

Leaf juice with butter milk taken as
an antidote for snake bite
(Sudarsanam & Sivaprasad, 1995).
Evolvulus alsinoides
Leaves used as antidote in
(L.)
16. Leaves K.V.Palli 10 4 poisonous bites (Sudarsanam &
Convolvuaceae
Sivaprasad, 1995).
L.N. - Vishnu Kantha
Plant as antidote (Nad Karni,
1954).

Root powder administered
internally for poisonous bites
(Sudarsanam & Siva Prasad, 1995).
Leaf is an antidote (Nagaraju,
Gymnema sylvestre 1992), tuberous root infusion /
(Reetz.) R.Br. Whole Chandrag drunk (Hemambara Reddy, 1996).
17. 10 5
Asclepiadaceae plant iri
L.N. - Podapathri Potassium gymnemate extracted
from Gymnema sylvestre used as
snake bite neutralizing agent
(Manjunatha Kini and
Veerabasappa Gowda, 1982).

Root is antidote (Selvanayagam et
al., 1994).
Root paste is applied on snake bite
(Jain & Sahu, 1993); (Maheswari
Hemidesmus indicus
& Singh, 1984); (Maheswari et al.,
(L.) R.Br.
18. Root Kuppam 10 4 1986); (Khanna et al., 1996);
Asclepiadaceae
(Alam et al., 1994); (Alam and
L.N. - Sugandhapala
Gomes, 1998); (Singh and Rao
1997).
Leaf juice is dropped into the eyes
Leucas aspera L. as antidote (Vedavathy, 1992).
Whole
19. Labiatae V.Kota 10 5
Plant
L.N. - Thummi Plant juice is given internally
(Kannappa Reddy et al., 1993).
Seed protein extract acts as an
Mucuna pruriens (L.)
antidote (Aguiyi et al., 1997;
DC.
Chandrag 1999).
20. Fabaceae Seeds 10 3
iri
L.N. - Pilliadugu (or)
Aqueous leaf extract used as
Dulagondi
antidote (Houghton & Skari, 1994).
Identification of Antidote Medicinal Plants against Snake Venom - A Field Survey 27
Botanical Name of No. of
Part Used No. of
the Plant Followed Tribals
{Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration
by Family and Local Prepared
Antidote Enquired
Name as Antidote

Seed extract used against snake
venom (Guerranti et al., 1999;
2001).
Mimosa Pudica L. Leaf extract used as antidote to
21. Mimosaceae Leaves K.V.Palli 10 2 snake bite (Mahanta & Mukherjee,
L.N. - Atiipathi 2001).
Marsdenia volubilis
(or) Wattakaka Plant as antidote (Nagaraju, 1992)
Whole
22. volubilis (L.F.) staff Pileru 10 2 Leaf decoction / drunk
plant
Ascepiadaceae (Hemambara Reddy, 1996).
L.N - Teegapala
Plumbago zeylanica
L. Chandrag Root decoction / drunk
23. Root 10 4
Plumbaginaceae iri (Hemambara Reddy, 1996).
L.N. - Chitramoolam
Plant is an antidote (Nadkarni,
1954) stembark chewed in krait
poisoning (Sudarsanam, 1987);
(Sivaprasad, 1993); (Sudarsanam
Strychnos nux vomica & Sivaprasad, 1995). Root
Root,
L. decoction used as an antidote
24. stembark, K.V.Palli 10 5
Loganiaceae (Hemambara Reddy et al., 1996).
seed
L.N. - Musti Seed extract used as an antidote
(Chatterjee & Gomes, 2001).
Stembark mixed with blackpepper
is pounded and given (Vedavathy,
1992).
Plant extract mixed with black
pepper powder was made into
Tinospora cordifolia decoction and is given immediately
(Willd.) Miens. Whole Chandrag 3 to 4 teaspoons, as antidote
25. 10 3
Menispermaceae Plant iri (Sudarsanam, 1987); (Vedavathy,
L.N. - Tippa Teega 1992). Leaf as antidote stem
infusion/drunk (Hemambara Reddy
et al., 1996).
Tylophora indica Leaf juice mixed in butter milk, is
(Burm. F) Veduru given to drink, which induces
26. Leaves 10 4
Asclepiadaceae Kippam vomitings and cure (Sudarsanam,
L.N. - Mustipala 1987); (Vedavathy, 1992).
Randia dumetorum
Root extract given internally
Lamk.
27. Root Tirupati 10 7 against cobra bites (Sudarsanam &
Rubiaceae
Siva Prasad, 1995).
L.N. - Manga chettu
Root bark as antidote (SivaPrasad,
Wrightia tinctoria
1993; Joshi, 1993) Decoction of
(Roxb.) R.Br. Root & Karveti
28. 10 2 leaves applied externally for snake
Apocynaceae stem Nagaram
bite Swati Samwatsar & Diwanji
L.N.Reppala
(1996).
Madhuca indica J.
Gmelin Sapotaceae Chandrag Decoction / drunk (Hemambara
29. Seed 10 4
iri Reddy et al., 1996)
L.N.Ippa Chettu
Helicteres isora L.
Sterculiaceae Infusion / drunk (Hemambara
30. Seed Kuppam 10 3
Reddy et al., 1996)
L.N.Gubathada
28 Vijaya P, Ranjani R, Rao M R & Sudarsanam G
Botanical Name of No. of
Part Used No. of
the Plant Followed Tribals
{Private} as Locality Tribals Mode of Administration
by Family and Local Prepared
Antidote Enquired
Name as Antidote
Annona squamosa
(L.) Diels G.D.Nell Bark juice is given as antidote
31. Stem bark 10 3
Annonaceae ore (Vedavathy, 1992)
L.N.Seethapalam

CONCLUSIONS
From the data obtained from field survey, observed 31 medicinal plants have antidote property. Interestingly 3
antidote plants namely Aganosma cymosa, Corallocarpus epigeous and Randia dumetorum found to be preferred more
than 70% of tribal doctors and since that objective of the author is to test the selected antidote plants for their neutralizing
capacities of Naja naja venom (lethal dose), the above three plants alone were chosen for the experimental studies and
related data was analysed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank John Hopkins Institute, Bombay, Tribal doctors of Chittoor, Districts, Dr. Madhava Chetty, Department
of Botany, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University for providing facility for completion of research.
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