identification and evaluation of environmental and social impacts

289 Pages·2017·17.1 MB·English

by  World Bank Group

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REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR
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ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP)
The Principal Secretary
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
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Environment & Development Management Consultants
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s Zanzibar Environmental Management Authority Directors: 0754 291997;
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7 June 2018
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Project Title: The Proposed Development and operation of a Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) Landfill and Septic Sludge Treatment Facilities at Kibele, Shehia of
Tunguu, Central District, Unguja, Zanzibar.
Proponent: Zanzibar Urban Municipal Council
Coordinated by:
Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP) Unit
The Principal Secretary
Ministry of Finance
P.O. Box 874/1154
Zanzibar

Contact Person: Mr. Makame Ali Makame, ZUSP Project Coordinator;
Mr. Makame Machano Haji, ZUSP Environmental Safeguard Officer

ESIA Consultants: JSB-EnviDep Ltd.
Ubungo Plaza, 5th Floor,
P.O Box 32312
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel. [phone]; Mobile: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] (www.jsbenvidep.com)
Contact Person: Ms. Saada Katangi Juma ([phone])

Outline and Justification of Project

Project description
The World Bank Urban Unit is supporting the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) to
increase the capacity of the Zanzibar Municipal Council (ZMC) and Pemba Town Councils (PTCs)
through provision of urban infrastructure. The World Bank’s support is provided through the
Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP). Additional financing has been requested to, among other
activities, scale up investments in solid waste and septic sludge management, and support urban
upgrading and economic development in key planned and unplanned areas of the ZMC and PTCs.
The proposed project for which Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been
conducted is basically an infrastructural development project. It entails the development and
operation of a Municipal Solid Waste landfill and a facility for treatment of septic sludge which are
missing in the existing system. The solid waste component is designed to incorporate a complete
management system composed of: 75 additional solid waste collection points in Zanzibar town; one
(1) transfer station (size 6000m2, capacity 220t/day of solid waste, in Zanzibar town); a solid waste
landfill (covering a total tipping area of 10.48 Ha.1 all within a non-operational limestone quarry pit
at Kibele, Central District); and associated Material Recovery Facility (MRF) and one (1) Multi-
Purpose Biological Plant (MBT) Composting Plant all to cover a surface area of 2.22 Ha. To ensure
completeness of a waste management system in Zanzibar, the project also involves development
and operation of septic sludge treatment facilities (adjacent to the MSW landfill at Kibele) embracing
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ten (10) Constructed Wetland units (CWUs), Maturation Ponds and Irrigation Ponds anticipated to
cover a surface area of 0.5 Ha. The modern waste management facility will have all the requisite
auxiliary facilities and infrastructure i.e. operations office, storm water drainage, power and water
supplies.

EIA process
The scope of this ESIA study covered various project aspects/activities related to: siting,
construction, operation and decommissioning of the proposed waste management infrastructures.
The scope of the study is in accordance with ESIA guidelines promulgated under the Zanzibar
Environmental Management Act No. 3 of 2015. The steps followed by the study team were as
stipulated involving baseline studies and impacts identification and analysis of the various
alternatives. A scoping report and TORs approved by ZEMA provided basic guidance on key issues
and stakeholders engagements. The content of this report has duly followed the requirements of the
guidelines including an Environmental and Social Management Plant (ESMaP) and Environmental
and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP).

Environmental permits and requirements
The policy, legal, institutional framework and permitting requirements for project development
before and during project implementation are well described. Permits required will need to be
obtained by project proponent, contractor and operator from the appropriate regulatory authorities
of Zanzibar including extraction of construction materials, connection to local water supply, power
supply and main highway road etc., land acquisition and building permits etc. Other requirements
and permits include emissions into air and discharge of effluents into the environment following
permissible limits stipulated in the Zanzibar, Tanzania or international standards.

Description of the Environment

Location and area coverage
The waste collection points are/will be found at various locations within the Zanzibar Municipality;
the landfill and septic sludge facilities will be developed about 20km outside the boundaries of the
ZMC at Kibele village in the Shehia of Tunguu, Central District, South Region. Total area to be used at
Kibele is 61.5 Ha whereby 14.4 Ha is the effective area for the waste management infrastructure
(landfill, septic sludge treatment facilities and associated facilities); and 47.1 Ha is the buffer zone.
The transfer station will be built at Maruhubi also within ZMC in the Shehia of Karakana, Urban
District, Urban West Region.

Existing land uses
The general land use of the main project area at Kibele is plantation forestry. However, drawing
from site history, within the boundaries of the forest there were established 6 types of
developments that exist to-date (i) solid waste dump site in an abandoned quarry pit (ii) active
quarry materials excavations and a government owned stone crushing plant (iii) human settlement
features (dwellings, mixed farming and livestock grazing) (v) variety of unauthorized forest resources
utilization activities including charcoal making, deforestation for woody materials used as fuelwood
and in local construction etc. and (vi) main (Tunguu) road, peripheral roads and access routes and an
electricity distribution line cuts across the quarry/waste pit. The existing waste dump site (GPS
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coordinates 6°13.000 S and 39°19.777 E) will be improved to a modern sanitary landfill level
proposed; and portions of all the other land uses will be enclosed as part of the buffer zone.

Physical conditions
The project area is characterized by a moderately rough terrain composed of a flat low lying area
with frequent dense outcrops of rough coral limestone with a thin layer of less fertile soils. The soil
type is classified locally as mixture of “Maweni” or Rendzic – Lithic Leptosols and Uwanda. These are
free draining soils developed on weathered limestone materials with a pH of 8.0. Generally, the area
is characterized by an equatorial Monsoon system). The wet seasons long “masika” rains (March to
May) coincide with south-west Monsoons winds (“Kusi” from April to November) and hot season
short “vuli” rains (September to November) coincide with north-east Monsoon winds (“Kaskazi”
from November to April). Rainfall is scarce with just about 1,000-1,500mm annual average. No
surface water source is located within and in the proximity of the project areas. According to the
Zanzibar hydrological map the project area is categorized as a coastal groundwater resource zone
whereby groundwater is contained in poor transmissive country rock, in sands and in coral rags.
Over development of this resource is likely to cause freshwater depletion and saltwater invasion. As
such, only small development i.e. village and domestic wells are permitted. The water quality of
local wells sampled by recent studies by ZAWA indicates groundwater is contaminated by faecal
coliforms and inorganic pollutants that are above allowable limits (for drinking water quality).

Foul odours and dust are constant features of the local air. Ambient air quality measurement was
recorded with particulate matter found to dominate the local ambient air. Zanzibar Islands’ climate
is changing negatively: rising temperature, increased rainfall variability, higher wind speeds, rising
sea levels, and extreme weather events i.e. droughts and municipal floods. However, Zanzibar
produces negligible carbon emissions that do not necessarily or directly impact the global effects of
the carbon emissions. Solid waste landfill and waste water treatment systems are considered to be
potential sources of GHGs and contribute to the global climatic change a fact taken into account by
evaluating the possible project contribution to climate change and variation. Noise assessment at
the various locations was found to be within optimal limits with high levels at access road due to
frequent passage of garbage and quarry materials transportation trucks.

Biological conditions
The project area a natural (coral rag) scrubland on a limestone rock. The vegetation is typically
mixed shrub vegetation characterized by plantation forestry and secondary highly disturbed
indigenous vegetation. Regarding dominant floral species, the vegetation survey shows that there is
a high diversity of exotic tree species as compared to agriculture and indigenous species in the area.
No floral species of conservation concern has been observed on or in the vicinity of the project site
by previous studies or the ESIA study team. Despite the clearance of the vegetation and other
human disturbances the protection of the area as a forest (albeit for monoculture purpose) has
allowed animals including breeding individuals, to occupy the area. The project area provides good
habitat to wildlife as all the major animal taxa (with the exception of fish) are represented in the
project area: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates. Due to existing waste dump
site the area is highly infested with flies (common housefly), scavenging birds (crows, egrets),
rodents and domesticated animals (dogs, cats). Most of species observed inside the core zone and
around the area of influence are not mentioned under the IUCN Red data Book as species of least
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concerns or there is no enough data to establish any level of conservation concern. Only the Black
and Rufous Elephant Shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi adersi) also known Black and Rufous Sengi or Zanj
Sengi found inside the Kibele project site perimeters is of special interest, considered as a
vulnerable species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) list of
species of concern.

Socio-economic conditions
Kibele village population of 1,426 is almost half of the Shehia of Tunguu (estimated 3,563; male
1,788: female 1,775) and about 2% of the Central District (estimated 76,346; male 38,538: female
37,808). The sex ratio though slightly skewed on average is 1:1 and average household size at Kibele
of 4 persons emulates the Tunguu Shehia (4.4) and the Central District (4.5). Within the 61.5 Ha
project area, the 14.4 Ha effective area for the waste management infrastructure (landfill, septic
sludge treatment facilities and associated facilities) is a quarry pit and does not contain settlement
features; unlike the 47.1 Ha buffer zone in which are found occupied houses about 14 and un-
occupied built structures at various level of development mainly foundations about 48. Farming
(mixed cropping) and livestock keeping (freely grazing) are the most important economic activities in
the project area. Arable land is typical for the region (agricultural land quality is predominantly
marginal class III or II categories and farming system is classified under Zone 4 or coral rag farming
zone) which allow growth of subsistence crops and a degree of animal grazing. The common crops
grown in the project area include food crops: cassava, yams, banana, paddy, maize, coconut and
some vegetables that are mostly consumed within the village. There is no commercial farming as
such, the remaining parts of food crops are sold to nearby villages especially in Tunguu and only
some horticulture products such as tomatoes are sent to Zanzibar town during high productive
seasons. Next to farming, people engage in petty trade and food vendor and a small proportion in
wage employment, limestone quarrying and waste picking.

Existing environmental and social challenges
The challenges within project area of influence (likely sources of cumulative impacts) revolve around
low productivity, land and forest degradation and societal discontent on relocation of people from
indigenous landholdings without/with meagre compensation for lost assets. The main causative
factors identified include dry and hot climate with low rainfall; coral rag terrain and inhospitable
landscape with water scarcity; increased population pressure; land availability and tenure constrains,
and land asset losses caused by new housing, tourism facilities and infrastructure (roads)
development; bad farming methods (dry season slash-and-burn); pollution and degradation by
disposed wastes and limestone quarrying; and presence of public health hazards including
hazardous components of waste (chemicals, sharps, pathological materials), pests and diseases
vectors, waste dump fires etc.

Stakeholder Engagement
The study involved engagement of key stakeholders at national, regional, district and local levels in
Zanzibar in order to gauge their awareness and understanding about the project, document their
issues and concerns. The consultation process involved field visits to areas of jurisdiction in which
the proposed project infrastructures will be located including the Urban and Central district offices
as well as the Shehia of Tunguu and Karakana ward. The principle entities of stakeholders consulted
are government ministries, departments or agencies at national level (e.g. ZUSP, ZAWA, TMA, MOFP,
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ZEMA, DOE, ZABACCO, ZECO, ZNCCIA, ZIPA, ZBS, ZUMC, and MANRLF), regional and district level
authorities and local levels communities’ leaders, community-based organizations and user groups
and individual community members and people who potentially will be directly affected by the
project as well as interested public and private organizations.
Stakeholder consultations were carried out through interviews and meetings. In the process the
content of the project and the potential impacts were explained; stakeholders also provided useful
primary baseline information, guidance and recommendations on best practices acceptable and
suitable to local environment. The stakeholder consultations identified issues that they considered
important and comments from the stakeholders have been addressed by the ESIA and taken into
consideration in the impact analysis and recommendation of remedial measures. These include:

Environmental issues
 Waste dispersal and contamination of areas at collection points, transfer station and at the
landfill.
 The use of dried sludge for production of daily cover materials for the landfill was deemed as
“recycling” of a potential pollutant material. However the stabilized treated sludge is not
pollutant, neither infectious. The utilization as daily cover material is free of environmental and
technical (permeability) risks
 Pollution by solid wastes and waste waters discharged into nearby water sources
 Disturbance from noise generated at the landfill.
 Leachate migration into nearby areas

Recommendations
 Use of bio-digester to treat septic sludge. However, this treatment method may be
unfavourable, because it is a technical complex technology, which may generate methane
emissions (by leakage). It requires skilled personal, which ZMC does currently not have.
Additionally, the output of sludge digesters needs further treatment. In contrast, the selected
sludge treatment in PCW is a state of the art environmental sound method for sludge
treatment.
 Integrate the element of composting.
 Separation of solid waste and recycling of different materials.

Social issues
 There appeared to be a strong opposition of locating the transfer station at Maruhubi from the
stakeholders consulted (most frequency mentioned issue).
 Compensation of affected land and land based assets at Kibele should be prompt and fair
according to the current values of affected properties and land to be taken.
 Attraction to insects, pest, animals and increase of the menace of scavengers should be
addressed as well as proper pest control procedures to the local people in Kibele village.
 The project proponent should make sure that support infrastructures are well elaborated.
 The development of sanitary landfill should go hand in hand with improvement of local social
services within Kibele village.
 The project should prioritize employment opportunities to the local people within Kibele
village
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Institutional issues
 The Project proponent should institute community sensitization and awareness programs on
proper waste management to enhance local people involvement in project.
 The project should involve the local leaders in monitoring the project impacts.
 The project should consider stakeholders concerns for the project to be sustainable.
 Integration between ESIA team and Project designers should be throughout to ensure the final
designs are feasible
 The project should qualify with International and National Environmental Standards
 The emphasize should be on the involvement of all relevant stakeholders with technical
capacity on waste management in order for the project to be sustainable through PPP
 There should be a continuous data collection by the project proponent for monitoring of
project impacts.

Second round consultation involving the review process will explain the mitigation measures
proposed and the role of stakeholders in the ESMP implementation and monitoring. Non-technical
summaries of the report will be availed at all key points and strategic places as part of information
disclosure.

Key Findings
A multidisciplinary team of experts identified all aspects of the project that could possibly cause
environmental or social impacts using the standard cause-effect method (Leopard’s Matrix). They
evaluated the significance of each aspect of the project in terms of defined criteria, which take into
account the likelihood; magnitude (effect on VEC); extent (spatial scale); duration (temporal scale);
level of stakeholders’ opposition; the potential to implement mitigation measures and controls; and
the likelihood and timescale of environmental (and/or social) recovery.

Of the 49 direct impacts identified; low, moderate and high significance impacts are 18, 21 and 10
impacts respectively. 10 impacts are positive. Though the impacts significance range from low to
high, all impacts can be adequately mitigated and enhanced by appropriate measures. For the
detailed mitigation measures reference should be made to the Environmental and Social
Management Plan (ESMP).

SITING AND PHYSICAL PRESENCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

Risks and threats to project development
This relates to natural hazards present at the landfill site or vicinity or area of influence such as
geology and hydrogeology factors; seismic within region of landfill; extremes of climatic conditions;
and neighbouring anthropogenic activities that might affect the waste management facilities.

As mitigation measures, ZMC will observe for safe proximity of vulnerable receptors / sensitive land
uses to landfill site and safe distances to hazardous natural factors. Other measures will be to avoid
working with steep slopes (i.e. > 2%) during construction and operation; ensure that the
components for the landfill and septic sludge treatment facilities are planned, designed and
construction at least 1.5m higher than the ground water table in the area; provide proper and
adequate liner at the bottom of the landfill and septic sludge treatment facilities (i.e. two layers of
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asphalt, the upper 12 cm and the lower 8cm bearing layer overlain by a 300mm layer of course
material to contain leachate and septage into the treatment facilities; provide proper and adequate
drainage system for stormwater runoff at Kibele landfill and septic treatment facilities; and Consider
the magnitude of seismic activities and limestone induced fractured geology in the structural design
of the various components of the sanitary landfill and septic sludge treatment facilities at Kibele.

Release of polluting substance into nearby land uses and water resources
This relates to proximity of vulnerable receptors / sensitive land uses to landfill site; site geological
factors i.e. fault lines or significantly fractured structures and underlying limestone, carbonate,
fissures and porous rock formations. These factors allow migration of leachate, landfill gas and other
emissions – dust, noise, odours and scavengers migration into nearby residential areas and water
sources.

As mitigation measures, ZMC will consider the amount of leachate to be generated during rainy
season in the design of leachate and septage treatment facilities at Kibele; ensure proper design of
the conveyance system to prevent contaminated drainage from entering surface drains and ground
water; provide for proper covering of containers during waste transportation; provide for appropriate
vehicle equipment which are designed to collect solid waste and contained liquids, holding it in a
sump container until discharge point; and use landfill cover throughout to minimize exposed working
faces and infiltration: Intermediate cover (30 cm depth)1; Final cover (60 cm depth); and Daily cover
(15cm depth). Other measures will be to design and monitor the leachate and septage treatment
facilities to meet national and international effluent discharge standards; use perimeter drains and
landfill cell compaction slope and daily cover materials to reduce rain water infiltration; prevent by
use of berms or other diversion or channelling of run-on of rain with the system designed to handle
peak discharge from a 25-year storm; and collect and control run-off with the system designed to
handle the discharge from a 24-hour, 25-year storm. To manage landfill gases, pipes will be provided
in order to sustain aerobe conditions in the aerated portions of wastes; gas will be treated before
release and monitoring of gaseous discharges will be undertaken thereby installing and regularly
sampling boreholes surrounding the landfill to monitor for migration of landfill gas.

IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
This category of impacts relate to effects of project activities on qualities of key Valued
Environmental Components (VEC) i.e. air quality, water quality, soil quality and control of pollution
into nearby resources.

Reduced air quality and contribution to climate change
Several sources of air emissions containing the Green House Gases (GHGs) specifically carbon-
dioxide (CO , methane (CH ) and nitrogen oxides (N O) leading to impairment of air quality are
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identified. Of particular concern is methane gas CH a major component of landfill gas that has high
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tendency to migrate. Other air pollutants are sulphur oxides (SO , dioxins, soot and dust. Main
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sources of air emissions include:
o During waste collection and transport specifically from transportation vehicles producing
exhaust fumes and from dust and odours from waste;

1 Specified in the Guidance Note on Daily and Intermediate Cover at Landfills by US EPA, 2014
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o During waste receipt, unloading, processing and storage at landfill site: operations of vehicles
and equipment producing exhaust emissions; emissions of dust, odour and bio-aerosols from
wastes handling;
o During landfilling operations producing landfill gas that is released into the atmosphere;
o Biogenic gases emission at WSPs and CWs. High organic matter and nutrients in the waste
cause generation of the GHGs
o During decommissioning phase by demolition activities and operation of demolition
equipment producing exhaust emissions and dust;

As mitigation and management actions, ZMC will develop and implement Public Awareness Program
that to promote the use of bags to reduce the odours from soiling of waste collection and transport
equipment. ZMC will also undertake specific measure to manage emissions from vehicle &put in
place emissions avoidance strategies through observing the equipment manufactures’ recommended
engine maintenance / mechanical maintenance for the safe operation of the vehicle including proper
tire pressure; and minimising emission from on-road vehicles through efficient vehicle use. Other
specific avoidance and corrective measures which will be implemented are:
 Implements Drivers training programme
 Train drivers to minimize fuel use (e.g. shut off engines when vehicles are not in use, etc.).
 Cover loads that can generate dust
 Limit the speed of vehicles / trucks, especially on un-tarmacked surfaces.
 Select vehicles and containers that minimize air emissions during waste loading and unloading;
 Select and use drop-off points to minimize queuing of vehicles;
 Pre-treat waste as needed (e.g. wetting sufficient to reduce dust but without forming leachate)
 Use enclosed waste handling and storage areas specifically for malodorous wastes or wastes
that generate hazardous dust (e.g. asbestos)
 Remove, treat or dispose of all biologically/ malodorous waste in an expeditious manner
 Move wastes on a first in – first out basis
 Dispose of odorous sludge in covered trenches
 Seal sump covers
 Aerate leachate storage areas
 Restrict acceptance of loads known to be particularly odorous
 Prepare a response plan to address reasons which might lead to odour, or potential odour
problems
 Sweep waste management areas and roads frequently and use water spray for dust control
where needed
 Use extraction system (bag filter) to remove dust from working areas, buildings, and storage
vessels and treat as needed to remove particulate emissions
 Use odour neutralizing spray where necessary
 Use negative pressure in processing buildings and appropriate air filtration (e.g. bio-filter) to
remove odour.
 Compact and cover waste promptly after discharge from the vehicle delivering the waste
 Minimize open tipping face area
 Restrict tipping activities during period of adverse weather (e.g. wind towards sensitive
receptors)
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 Prohibit uncovered deposition of waste on site
 Make sure that the compacted containers do not stay on site more than 2 days
 Ensure daily collection of waste outside of the collection point

Reduction of vehicle emissions and running costs due to use of transfer station (positive impact)
Sorting / compaction and consolidation of waste before transport at Transfer Station that reduce
volume of waste and number of vehicles and trips for transportation to the landfill were identified as
activities leading to reduction of vehicle emissions and running costs.

To enhance this positive impact, ZUSP and ZMC shall design and operate the transfer station at
Maruhubi to optimize waste collection routes to minimize distance travelled and overall fuel use and
emissions; and minimise use of smaller vehicles to transport waste long distances consolidate waste
through use of large vehicles to transport waste to Kibele

Contamination of water resources and soil / land
Several sources of discharges leading to impairment of water quality (surface and ground) and soil /
land are identified including:
o Release of hazardous components of the wastes into nearby water resources at collection
points, transfer station, landfill and septic sludge treatment facility;
o Contaminated runoff from waste piles discharged as leachate
o During landfilling operations producing leachate that may percolate and migrate into
nearby water resources;
o During landfilling operations producing landfill gas that may migrate into nearby water
resources;
o During waste water and sludge treatment process whereby partially treated effluents may
be discharged into nearby water resources; and
o During decommissioning phase by disposal into nearby water resources of cleared materials
and rubble containing hazardous substances.

As mitigation and management actions ZMC will develop and implement the recommended specific
management plans, programmes and procedures to prevent, minimize, and control discharges into
water resources by: proper segregation and pre-sorting of hazardous materials i.e. wastes which
contain metals such as mercury, dispose hazardous waste into properly designed and constructed
cells. Develop waste transport programme i.e. cover containers during transport; ensure vehicle
equipment is designed to collect drainage, holding it in a sump container until discharge point.
Develop waste handling procedure and disposal measures that prevent /control contaminated
drainage from entering surface and ground water: proper collection, adequate and complete
treatment and disposal of runoff and leachate from areas used for waste handling and storage.
Reduce rain water infiltration (i.e. use perimeter drains and landfill cell compaction slope and daily
cover materials, berms or other diversion or channelling of run-on of rain). Use landfill cover
throughout: daily cover (15cm depth), intermediate cover (30 cm depth)2, final cover (60 cm depth).
Operator implement where applicable, re-use treated water for composting, waste stabilization, etc.

2 Specified in the Guidance Note on Daily and Intermediate Cover at Landfills by US EPA, 2014
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