Table Of ContentIdeas of Europe since 1914
The Legacy of the First World War
Edited by
Menno Spiering and Michael Wintle
Ideas of Europe since 1914
Also by Menno Spiering
ENGLISHNESS: Foreigners and Images of National Identity in Post-war Literature
BRITAIN AND EUROPE
NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Also by Michael Wintle
THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS: Religion, Scholarship and Art
RHETORIC AND REALITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
CULTURE AND IDENTITY IN EUROPE
UNDER THE SIGN OF LIBERALISM
AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS
THE IDEA OF A UNITED EUROPE SINCE THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL
Ideas of Europe since 1914
The Legacy of the First World War
Edited by
Menno Spiering
Director MA in European Studies, International School of Humanities and Social
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
and
Michael Wintle
Professor of History, University of Hull, UK
Selection and Editorial Matter © Menno Spiering and Michael Wintle 2002
Chapters 1–11 © Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 978-0-333-98402-4
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First published 2002 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-43054-3 ISBN 978-1-4039-1843-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781403918437
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ideas of Europe since 1914 : the legacy of the First World War/edited by
Menno Spiering and Michael Wintle.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Europe—History–1918–1945. 2. World War, 1914–1918–Psychological
aspects. 3. Europe—History–1945 4. Europe—Social conditions–20th
century. 5. Reconstruction (1914–1939)–Europe. 6. World War,
1914–1918–Territorial questions. 7. Europe—Intellectual life–20th
century. 8. European federation. 9. National socialism. 10. Fascism.
I. Spiering, M. (Menno) II. Wintle, Michael J.
D720 .I34 2002
940.5—dc21 2002019598
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
Contents
List of Illustrations vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
Notes on the Contributors xi
1 European Identity, Europeanness and the
First World War: Reflections on the Twentieth
Century – an Introduction 1
Menno Spiering and Michael Wintle
2 The Crisis of European Civilization After 1918 14
Jan Ifversen
3 Aristide Briand’s Plan: The Seed of European
Unification 32
Wim Roobol
4 ‘Shatter Zones’: The Creation and Re-creation of
Europe’s East 47
Peter Bugge
5 The First World War and the Challenge to Democracy
in Europe 69
Philip Morgan
6 Remembering and Forgetting the First World War
in Western Europe 89
Annette Becker
7 Europe on Parade: The First World War and the
Changing Visual Representations of the Continent
in the Twentieth Century 105
Michael Wintle
8 Europe and the Lost Generation: William Dieterle’s
The Last Flight 130
Neil Sinyard
v
vi Contents
9 ‘And Down We Went’: Fragments of Interwar Europe
Seen from the British Metropolis 142
Aleid Fokkema
10 Pacifism and the European Idea: War and Inner
Conflict in the Work of Léon Werth 160
Manet van Montfrans
11 Engineering Europe: The European Idea in Interbellum
Literature, the Case of Panropa 177
Menno Spiering
Index 201
List of Illustrations
1.1 Erich Heckel, ‘Man on a Plain’, woodcut, 1917 2
3.1 A passage from Coudenhove-Kalergi’s
Paneuropa ABC, 1932 39
4.1 ‘The new Europe on a basis of nationality’, 1916 48
4.2 ‘The middle tier of states between Germany and
Russia’, 1919 50
7.1 Comparison Kondratieff and events: average
Kondratieff wave timings, 1789–1920, with estimates
to the present 106
7.2 Statue of Europe, Natural History Museum,
Vienna, 1889 108
7.3 ‘Enough!’ Cartoon of Europa calling a halt to the
war between Greece and Turkey, 1897 110
7.4 ‘Like a Succubus, Africa Weighs on the Repose
of Europe’, 1896 111
7.5 Memorial for the World Wars, outside
Sheffield City Hall 114
7.6 Cartoon of Europa sinking on the League of
Nations bull, 1929 116
7.7 Euro note designs, 1999 120
7.8 New Parliament buildings, Brussels 123
7.9 European Tree sculpture, European Parliament
building, Brussels 123
7.10 Léon de Pas, ‘Europe en avant’, outside the
Concilium Building, Brussels 125
7.11 ‘Britisches Rinderschlachten’, cartoon by Bunte, 1997 126
10.1 Léon Werth, conscript, 1899 164
11.1 Sunrise over Europe after the First World War,
Emblem of Panropa, 1932 177
11.2 Cover of Panropa, by Georg Güntsche, 1930 180
11.3 ‘What is Atlantropa?’, 1932 183
11.4 Panropa in between America and Asia, 1938 185
11.5 The First World War had only helped the yellows
to extend their influence in Africa, 1938 188
11.6 Europa carried by Africa, 1938 190
vii
viii List of Illustrations
11.7 Europe is too small, 1954 192
11.8 The Europe of the nation states is a continent
crammed with narrow cages, 1938 192
11.9 Either the decline of the West, or salvation
by Atlantropa, 1938 194
11.10 Cover of the National Socialist Panropa
novel Eurofrika, 1938 195
11.11 Cover of the last Panropa novel,
Projekt Atlantropa, 1956 197
Preface
This book is one of the outcomes of an international research project
which began in 1997. Michael Wintle of Hull University and Peter
Bugge of Aarhus University had for some time been discussing a joint
undertaking to examine the experience of Europe in the twentieth
century in the light of the impact of the First World War, using the
concept of European identity as a central analytical tool. They were
subsequently joined by colleagues from Hull and Aarhus Universities,
and by Menno Spiering and others from Amsterdam University. This
international group met on various occasions and began to evolve a set
of research questions and a plan for a series of studies on the topic. An
application was made to the British Academy’s International Research
Collaboration Scheme in 1998, and a generous grant in two tranches
supported the project with travel and other costs, principally for a
symposium which was held near the University of Hull at Burton Agnes
Hall in East Yorkshire in April 2000. Some of the papers delivered there
formed the first drafts of some of the chapters of this volume; all were
thoroughly rewritten in the light of our deliberations, and several more
were commissioned for the version published here. We are very grateful
to the British Academy for its award, which made the project possible,
and to the Hon. Mrs S. Cunliffe Lister of Burton Agnes Hall for permis-
sion to use part of the Hall premises for the symposium. Subsequently
the Universities of Amsterdam and Hull contributed funds for some
translation and other costs, for which our thanks are also due.
Dr Peter Bugge has played a central role in this project from the start;
only the heavy burden of other commitments obliged him to stand
down, modestly as ever, from joint-editing this volume. We would also
like to thank all the contributors both to the book and to the research
programme for their patience, perseverance and collegiality.
MENNO SPIERING
MICHAEL WINTLE
ix
