Table Of ContentNATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science
Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and
technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific
communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with
the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers
D Behavioural and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York
H Cell Biology London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
I Global Environmental Change Barcelona Budapest
PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES
1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers
2. Environment Springer-Verlag/Kluwer Acad. Publishers
3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers
4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers
5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers
The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with
NATO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern
Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries.
NATO-PCO DATABASE
The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references
(with keywords and/or abstracts) to about 50000 contributions from international
scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO
DATABASE is possible via a CD-ROM "NATO Science & Technology Disk" with
user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© WN GmbH and
DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1992).
The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or
through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium.
Series I: Global Environmental Change, Vol. 56
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Singapore
Tokyo
Ice Physics
and the Natural Environment
Edited by
John S. Wettlaufer
Applied Physics Laboratory and
Department of Physics
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98105-5640, USA
J. Gregory Dash
Department of Physics
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98105-1560, USA
Norbert Untersteiner
Department of Atmospheric Sciences
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98105-1640, USA
With 100 Figures and 7 Tables
Springer
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop "Ice Physics in
the Natural and Endangered Environment", held at Maratea, Italy, September
1997
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deuuc:hc Bibliolhck -CIP-Einheiluurnabme
Ice phy • ..,. and I.IK nalunli environmenl : with 7 lable~ ;
[pro<:Jeedings of the NATO Advanced Research Worksbop "J.;e
"lLyMes in the N.cuul and Entbugcred Environment" held at Mllalea,
lIaly, Septembl!l 19971 fed. byJ obn S. Weulaufcr ,. .P uM. in
oooperation with NAW ScientifIC Affairs Division. -Ikrlin ;
Heidelberg; New York ; Barcelona; Hong Kong; Loodon ; Milan;
Plli~; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1999
(NATO ASI ... rics: Scr. I, Glomi covirooUleDtal cbuge : '001. 56)
ISDN 3-540-65\S5·\
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64226-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-60030-2
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-60030-2
ThiS WOrk is slIbjectto copyright. All rights are reserved. whether lhe whole 00' part 01 the malerial
is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinling, reuse 01 illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way. and storage in data banks. Duplication
01 this publication Or parts thereal is permilled only under the provisions of the German Copyright
Lawol september 9, 1965, in its current version. and permission fOf usa must always be obtained
from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
«> Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999
Softcover reprint oft he hardcover 1 st edition 1999
Typesetting: Camera ready by the authorsfeditOfs
Printed on aCid-free paper
SPIN: 10571794 31/3137-543210
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The idea of an ice physics conference came about in March 1996, during a visit to
Seattle by Professor John Nye of the University of Bristol. Professor Nye has had a
renowned career applying physics to a wide range of topics ranging from optics to
crystallography and glaciology, and his work has touched researchers in many de
partments of the University of Washington. One of us (Untersteiner) worked with
Nye previously, and the other two had recently published a review on the surface
melting of ice and its environmental consequences. We were pleased the review was
well received; as a number of people told us they appreciated its broad reach. Stimu
lated by Professor Nye's visit, and a wonderful evening surrounding Krystyna Unter
steiner's cooking, we began to think about a meeting on an extension of this general
approach; that is, to explore ice phenomena, ranging from microphysics to its largest
size scales and manifestations. In the next few days, we sketched the outlines of a
meeting designed as a NATO Advanced Study Institute, with which Dash and Unter
steiner had some experience years before as directors. We invited three eminent sci
entists to join us on an Advisory Board: Professor Nye, Professor Krystof
Birkenmajer from Krak6w, Poland, and Prof. Fiorenzo Ugolini of Florence, Italy. We
then began to survey the interest of colleagues and the process of constructing a pro
posal to the NATO Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division. The response was
positive and we rushed to put the proposal together to meet the NATO deadline. We
were informed in mid-December 1996 that the proposal would be supported and the
organizational effort began to accelerate. In the eight months that followed, we an
nounced the ASI, reviewed applications, organized the lecture program, designed the
conference materials, developed the financial protocol and communicated with all
those involved. None of this would have been possible without the hard work of
Peggy Hartman, Suzan Huney, Dian Petersen and Agnes Sieger of the Applied Phys
ics Laboratory. Ms. Hartman was involved in the difficult job of putting our rushed
proposal together. Ms. Petersen built up the organizational edifice from the beginning
of the effort, from, among many other things, maintaining the electronic communica
tions with the participants, to designing the conference materials and putting together
mailings. Ms. Huney administered the financial aspects of the ASI, and was an indis
pensable on-site budget and organizational coordinator. Ms. Sieger provided her ex
pertise in the difficult task of technical editing and typesetting for the volume. We are
indebted to their hard work and to the administration of the Applied Physics Labora
tory, Robert Spindel and John Harlett, Director and Deputy Director, for grants in
kind of staff time and materials.
Our sincere thanks go to the authors, lecturers and participants who constituted the
Institute. Without the efforts of the authors to meet the deadlines, this volume would
have been a never-ending project. The rather striking interdisciplinary nature of the
Institute forced us to request that the lecturers provide both an up-to-date assessment
of their fields for their disciplinary colleagues, and a broadly accessible overview for
the nonspecialist. Although in principle this may be viewed as an unfair and unrealis-
VI
tic demand, the lecturers rose to the occasion and infused the Institute with a spirit of
cooperation as well as an equally important and lively sense of scrutiny. We think
this shines through in the present volume. We would like to thank the referees, many
of whom were mailed manuscripts from the Institute venue, for their invaluable con
tribution to the success of the project. It is difficult to ask a busy colleague to review
manuscripts of this nature, yet everyone was both receptive and timely, making our
editorial work dramatically less burdensome.
Finally, we thank the NATO Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division for the
grant that supported the travel and subsistence expenses for the lecturers, the subsidies
for the participants, and other expenses of the Institute. We owe sincere thanks to Dr.
L. Veiga da Cunha, Director of the NATO ASI Program. Without Dr. Veiga da
Cunha's prompt, courteous and simple administrative style, our work would have
been less pleasurable and certainly less efficient. We also thank the Tourist Office of
the Regione Basilicata for providing additional funds that were used for Institute ex
penses, and for arranging special entertainment at the end of the first week. The Na
tional Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research also provided funds to
assist in the support of travel and subsistence. In particular, we would like to thank
Dr. J. DeCorpo from the ONR for his timely response to our request for support. The
choice of the location of the Institute in Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy (about 150 km
south of Naples) is primarily due to the fact that one of us (Untersteiner) had Directed
an ASI there in 1981, and had such a high opinion of the geography of the region and
the staff of the Hotel Villa Del Mare, directed by Mr. A. Guzzardi. Our experience
was no different and although the days were long, we were fortunate to enjoy superb
hospitality and professional service from the hotel staff, and we would particularly
like to thank Ms. Maria Armiento, Ms. Velia Filizzola and Mr. Guzzardi.
J.S. Wettlaufer, J.G. Dash and N. Untersteiner
Seattle, July 1998
Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
J. S. Wettlaufer
Part 1 Chapters
History of the Search for a Theory of Melting ........................................................... 11
J. G. Dash
Nucleation and Surface Melting ofIce ................... .............................. ...................... 23
David W. Oxtoby
Crystal Growth, Surface Phase Transitions and Thennomolecular Pressure ............. 39
J. S. Wettlaufer
Some Aspects of the Physics of Glaciers .................................................................... 69
W. S. B. Paterson
Stable Isotope Records from Greenland Deep Ice Cores: The Climate Signal and
the Role of Diffusion .................................................................................................. 89
SigfUs J. Johnson, H B. Clausen, Jean Jouzel, Jakob Schwander, Amy E.
Sveinbjornsd6ttir, James White
Present and Past Glaciations: A Geological Perspective ............................................ 109
Krzysztof Birkenmajer
Ice in the Troposphere ................................................................................................ 121
M B. Baker
VIII
Physico-Chemistry of Polar Stratospheric Clouds ...................................................... 14 3
Thomas Peter
A Minimal Model of Sea Ice and Climate .................................................................. 169
Alan Thorndike
Forecasting Ice on Lakes, Estuaries and Shelf Seas ................................................... 185
Anders Omstedt
On Productivity in Ice-Covered Polar Oceans
Ole Jergen Lenne ........................................................................................................ 209
The Freezing of Soils: Ice in a Porous Medium and Its Environmental
Significance ............................................................................................................... 219
Peter J. Williams
Ground Freezing Technology for Environmental Remediation ................................. 241
J. G. Dash
Nuclear Contamination and Environmental Damage from Oil Spills in
Polar Regions ofFSU ................................................................................................. 253
Lydia Popova
Part 2 Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes on Water in Ice: Microscopic and Geophysical Scales ....................... 273
JohnNye
Part 3 Articles
Local Ice Deformation Under the Influence of Natural Forces:
Field Observations and Analyses of Cyclic Oscillations ............................................ 281
Yevgeny Aksenov, Peter Wadhams
Corrugations of the Sea-Ice-Ocean Interface Caused by Ocean Shear ...................... 285
Daniel L. Feltham, M Grae Worster
IX
Climatic Changes in the Mountain Glacier Area ofPamir ......................................... 289
Alexander Finaev
Geometric Selection in Ice Polycrystals: Concavity, Faceting, and Kinetics ............. 295
V. A. Hodgkin, J.s. Wettlaufer, J. G. Dash
Snowpack Accumulation Trends in Califomia ........................................................... 299
Tammy Johnson, Jeff Dozier, Joel Michaelsen
Neutron Spectroscopy of Vapour Deposited Amorphous Ice .................................... 305
A. I Kolesnikov, J.-c. Li
Comet 46P/Wirtanen: The Influence of Grain Sintering on the Evoluation
of the Subsurface Layer .............................................................................................. 309
Konrad J. Kossacki, Slawomira Szutowicz
Water Ice as the Main Component of Icy Satellites ................................................... 315
Jacek Leliwa-Kopystynski
Surface Melting ofIce and Thunderstorm Electrification .......................................... 321
B. L. Mason, J. G. Dash
A Mathematical Model of Wide Subglacial Water Drainage Channels ..................... 325
FelixNg
High Uptake Efficiency and Conductivity of Poly crystalline Ice: Implication to
UTILS Clouds and Contrails ...................................................................................... 329
N. V. Persiantseva, o.B. Popovitcheva, TV. Rakhimova
Methane Bubble Inclusions in Ice on High Latitude Lakes
Allan R. Phelps, Martin 0. Jeffries ............................................................................ 335
Modelling Sea Ice Roughness in the Arctic ................................................................ 341
N. Steiner, M Harder, P. Lemke
Dynamical Calculations for the Proton Ordered Ice II Structure ............................... 347
Y. Wang, S. L. Dong, J-c. Li
Subject Index .......................................................................................................... 351
PARTICIPANTS
Yevgeny Aksenov Enrique Ricardo Batista
University of Cambridge University of Washington
Scott Polar Research Institute Department of Physics
Lensfield Road Box 351560
Cambridge CB2 IER Seattle, WA 98195-1560
U.K. USA
Todd Arbetter KrzysztofBirkenmajer
University of Colorado Polish Academy of Sciences
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering Sci Institute of Geological Sciences
ence Senacka 3
Campus Box 429 Krakow 31-002
Boulder, CO 80309-0429 Poland
USA
Ido Braslavsky
Nicole Audiffren Weizmann Institute of Science
LAMP Dept. of Physics of Complex Systems
94, Av. des Landais Rehovot 76100
Aubere 635177 Israel
France
Kurt Cuffey
Neil Bacon University of Washington
University of Washington Dept. Geological Sciences
Department of Physics Box 351310
Box 351560 Seattle, WA 98195-1310
Seattle, WA 98195 USA
USA
Benjamin Demirdjian
Ian Baker CRMC2-CNRS
Dartmouth College Campus de luminy
Thayer School of Engineering Case 913
Hanover, NH 03755 13288 Marseille Cedex 9
USA France
Marcia Baker John Dempsey
University of Washington Clarkson University
Geophysics Program Department of Civil
Box 351650 & Environmental Engineering
Seattle, WA 98198 Potsdam, NY 13699-5710
USA USA
