Table Of ContentZH fmnew(i-xxii) 1/8/03 5:18 PM Page I
ZH fmnew(i-xxii) 1/8/03 5:18 PM Page II
ZH fmnew(i-xxii) 1/8/03 5:18 PM Page III
®
ZH fmnew(i-xxii) 1/8/03 5:18 PM Page IV
Copyright ©2003 by
PennWell Corporation
1421 South Sheridan/P.O. Box 1260
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74112-6600 USA
800.752.9764
+1.918.831.9421
[email protected]
www.pennwell-store.com
www.pennwell.com
Cover design by Clark Bell
Book design by Amy Spehar
Jared Wicklund, Supervising Editor
Indexed by Phyllis Linn
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pending
Hendrick, Walt, 1947–
Ice diving operations / by Walt Hendrick and Andrea Zafares.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references ( ) and index.
ISBN 0-87814-843-4
1. Scuba diving—Safety measures. 2. Scuba diving accidents. 3. Search
and rescue operations. I. Zafares, Andrea, 1965– II. Title.
GV838.674.S74 H46 2003
797.2'3—dc21
2002155708
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 07 06 05 04 03
|IV|
ZH fmnew(i-xxii) 1/8/03 5:18 PM Page V
ontents
C
CONTENTS________________________________________________V
FIGURES _________________________________________________ IX
TABLES___________________________________________________ X
PHOTOS _________________________________________________ XI
PREFACE ______________________________________________ XVII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS_________________________________ XXI
chapter one
Introduction: Ice Diving—
An Operation ______________________________________________1
Case Histories________________________________________________7
Definitions_________________________________________________12
Summary Questions _________________________________________15
Notes______________________________________________________16
chapter two
Personnel_________________________________________________17
Minimum Personnel _________________________________________18
Summary Questions _________________________________________38
Notes______________________________________________________39
chapter three
Ice Diving Certification Levels ____________________________41
Basic Ice Diver and Tender ___________________________________42
Advanced Ice Diver and Tender _______________________________43
Summary Questions _________________________________________49
Notes______________________________________________________50
chapter four
Ice Courses and Training__________________________________51
Choosing an Instructor_______________________________________51
What Should a Good Ice Diving
Course Consist of?___________________________________________52
Public Safety Ice Diving Proficiency Training ____________________55
Summary Questions _________________________________________60
|V|
ZH fmnew(i-xxii) 1/8/03 5:18 PM Page VI
| |
ICE DIVING OPERATIONS
chapter five
Equipment________________________________________________61
Diver Equipment____________________________________________61
Tender Equipment__________________________________________105
Ice Equipment_____________________________________________111
Summary Questions________________________________________120
Notes ____________________________________________________123
chapter six
Tethering________________________________________________125
Why Tether?_______________________________________________125
Tethering System___________________________________________127
Tethering Equipment _______________________________________129
Summary Questions________________________________________149
Notes ____________________________________________________150
chapter seven
Cold Stress, Immersion Hypothermia,
Drowning, and Other
Immersion Factors_______________________________________151
Cold Water Immersion and Its Effects _________________________152
The Four Processes of Heat Loss and
How They Relate to Ice Rescue ______________________________157
Facial Immersion___________________________________________173
Immersion and Cold Diuresis________________________________175
Mammalian Dive Reflex ____________________________________178
Nitrogen Narcosis and Hypothermia__________________________180
Hypercapnia and Hypothermia ______________________________181
Long-Term Effects of Cold-Water Immersion____________________183
Other Physiological Concerns________________________________184
Summary Questions________________________________________185
Notes ____________________________________________________190
chapter eight
Cold Stress, Immersion Hypothermia, Drowning Recognition,
and First Aid ____________________________________________195
Cold Stress and Hypothermia Recognition_____________________195
Summary Questions________________________________________218
Notes ____________________________________________________220
|VI|
ZH fmnew(i-xxii) 1/8/03 5:18 PM Page VII
| |
CONTENTS
chapter nine
Ice Diving Procedures___________________________________225
Are Divers and Tenders Mentally
and Physically Ready?______________________________________225
Tender Duties and Procedures _______________________________228
Staging and Scene Safety____________________________________231
Dressing__________________________________________________233
Tender-Diver Gear Check ___________________________________242
Transporting Personnel and Equipment
to the Ice Hole ____________________________________________246
Putting Divers in the Hole___________________________________250
Removing the Diver From the Hole___________________________260
Night Diving Under the Ice__________________________________262
Spidering_________________________________________________263
Diver-Controlled Swim _____________________________________267
Tender and Diver Positioning ________________________________268
Designated-Area Diving_____________________________________269
Ice Diving at Altitude_______________________________________270
Summary Questions________________________________________271
Notes ____________________________________________________273
chapter ten
Spring Pre-Planning for Safe Ice Diving Operations______275
Summary Questions________________________________________286
chapter eleven
Recreational and Public Safety Diving
Training Sites ___________________________________________287
Choosing a Site____________________________________________287
The Dive Day _____________________________________________299
Summary Questions________________________________________320
Notes ____________________________________________________322
chapter twelve
Communication__________________________________________323
Electronic Systems _________________________________________324
Line-Pull Signals___________________________________________327
Surface Signals ____________________________________________338
Line-Pull Signal Overview___________________________________339
Summary Questions________________________________________341
|VII|
ZH fmnew(i-xxii) 1/8/03 5:18 PM Page VIII
| |
ICE DIVING OPERATIONS
chapter thirteen
Public Safety Diving Operations_________________________343
Where Is the Body Most Likely Going to Be?___________________346
Sending the First Tender Out_________________________________351
Sending Out the Divers_____________________________________354
Water Level Changes_______________________________________362
When a Snowmobile, Vehicle, or Airplane
Goes Through the Ice_______________________________________362
Summary Questions________________________________________367
Notes ____________________________________________________368
chapter fourteen
Contingency Planning for
Underwater Emergencies________________________________369
How to Ask for Help – Why Three Signals
Instead of One ____________________________________________373
Self-Rescue: STOP, THINK, and ACT _________________________375
Free-Flow Problems________________________________________388
When the Backup Diver Has to Respond _____________________396
Summary Questions________________________________________405
AFTERWORD___________________________________________407
APPENDIX A
Tender Surface Hand or Whistle Signals_______________________409
APPENDIX B
Line-Pull Signals Quick Reference____________________________411
Specialized Line-Pull Signals ________________________________412
APPENDIX C
Surface Air Consumption (SAC) Rate__________________________413
APPENDIX D
Quick Reference Material___________________________________419
ANSWERS TO SUMMARY QUESTIONS________________423
INDEX __________________________________________________443
|VIII|
