Table Of ContentМИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ
ТОМСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
О.Г. Казак, С.С. Фраш
МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
ПО ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ ФОНЕТИКЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО
ЯЗЫКА (ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ I, II КУРСОВ)
Рекомендовано в качестве учебного пособия
Редакционно-издательским советом
Томского политехнического университета
Издательство
Томского политехнического университета
2012
УДК 811.111’34(075.8)
ББК Ш143.21-923.1
К14
Казак О.Г.
К14 Методическое пособие по практической фонетике английско-
го языка (для студентов I, II курсов): учебное пособие /
О.Г. Казак, С.С. Фраш; Томский политехнический университет. –
Томск: Изд-во Томского политехнического университета, 2012. –
96 с.
Пособие содержит правила и упражнения по практической фонетике
английского языка, включает несколько разделов. В первой его части даны
правила и упражнения на чтение английских гласных и сочетаний согласных.
Затем подробно рассматриваются словесное и фразовое ударение и приводятся
разнообразные упражнения на отработку и закрепление материала. Следую-
щая часть пособия посвящена отработке интонационных моделей английского
языка. В заключительном разделе рассматривается стилистический аспект ин-
тонации. Содержит приложение, включающее в себя различные диалоги на
отработку материала.
Предназначено для студентов I, II курсов дневной и очно-заочной форм
обучения по специальности 022900 «Перевод и переводоведение».
УДК 811.111’34(075.8)
ББК Ш143.21-923.1
Рецензенты
Кандидат филологических наук, доцент ТПУ
И.А. Черемисина
Доцент кафедры лингвистики
и переводоведения ИМОЯК ТПУ
И.В. Смагина
© ФГБОУ ВПО НИ ТПУ, 2012
© Казак О.Г., Фраш С.С., 2012
© Обложка. Издательство Томского
политехнического университета, 2012
2
Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................6
Reading Rules.....................................................................................................................7
Rules for Reading Vowel Letters in Stressed Syllables of Disyllabic Words....................7
Rules for Reading Vowel Letters in Stressed Syllables of Polysyllabic Words................7
Reading Rules. Exercises..................................................................................................8
Drill. Consonant Clusters...............................................................................................11
Word Stress.....................................................................................................................12
Stress in Simple and Derivative Words...........................................................................12
Words with One Strong Stress........................................................................................13
Words with Primary and Secondary Stress.....................................................................14
Words with Two Primary Stresses..................................................................................14
Stress in Compound Words.............................................................................................16
The Distinctive Function of Word Stress........................................................................17
Word Stress. Exercises....................................................................................................18
Word Stress Practice.......................................................................................................21
Sentence Stress..................................................................................................................23
Verbs with Postpositions.................................................................................................28
Prepositions and Sentence Stress....................................................................................29
Stress in Word-Combinations: so on, so forth, … or so, … or smth, one or two, each
other, one another...........................................................................................................31
Conjunctions and Sentence Stress...................................................................................32
Negative short and expanded answers............................................................................33
The Verb “To Be” and Sentence Stress..........................................................................33
The Verb “To Have” and Sentence Stress......................................................................33
General Questions with a Pre-Head...............................................................................34
Exclamatory Sentences and Sentence Stress...................................................................34
Sentence Stress (different cases).....................................................................................35
One – Drill......................................................................................................................35
Be – drill..........................................................................................................................36
3
Weak Forms Drills..........................................................................................................37
Are-Drill..........................................................................................................................37
Can/Could.......................................................................................................................38
Must-Drill........................................................................................................................38
Must/Should....................................................................................................................39
But-Drill..........................................................................................................................39
Was-Drill.........................................................................................................................39
Of-Drill............................................................................................................................40
Some-Drill.......................................................................................................................41
For-Drill..........................................................................................................................41
Do/Does-Drill.................................................................................................................43
Has/Had-Drill.................................................................................................................44
Should/Would-Drill.........................................................................................................44
From-Drill.......................................................................................................................45
Strong and Weak Forms. Reduction................................................................................46
Sentence-Stress Practice.................................................................................................47
Tone Groups.....................................................................................................................55
Tone Group 5..................................................................................................................55
Tone Group 5. Exercises.................................................................................................56
Tone Group 8..................................................................................................................59
Tone Group 8. Exercises.................................................................................................60
Tone Group 9..................................................................................................................62
General Tune Shape: (Low Pre-Head +) (Sliding Head +) Fall Rise............................63
(+ Tail)............................................................................................................................63
Tone Group 9. Exercises.................................................................................................64
Tone Group 10................................................................................................................67
Tone Group 10 General Tune Shape: (Low Pre-Head +) Low (or Stepping) Head +
High Fall + Low Rise (+ Tail)........................................................................................68
Tone Group 10. Exercises...............................................................................................68
O'Connor's Tone Groups................................................................................................73
Statements. Attitudes.......................................................................................................73
General Questions. Attitudes..........................................................................................73
Special Questions. Attitudes............................................................................................74
4
Exclamations (Interjections). Attitudes...........................................................................75
Imperatives. Attitudes......................................................................................................75
General Tune Shapes of Tone Groups 1 – 10.................................................................76
Stylistic Use of Intonation................................................................................................76
The peculiarities of formal and informal speech............................................................77
Sonnet 116 By William Shakespeare...............................................................................79
Six Serving Men By Rudyard Kipling..............................................................................79
Teacher at school introducing a new material in a geometry class...............................80
A lecture for college students..........................................................................................80
Stylistic Use of Intonation. Exercises..............................................................................82
Appendix...........................................................................................................................84
Dialogues........................................................................................................................84
№1. On the Phone...........................................................................................................84
№2. Gareth and Heather at the Theatre.........................................................................84
№3. Gareth calls round at Cath's house with a bunch of roses......................................85
№4. Gareth and Heather in Wilson's Wine Bar on Friday Evening...............................86
№5...................................................................................................................................86
№6. Gareth phones Heather from the police station......................................................87
№ 7. The Virtues of Shirts, Shoes and Burgers...............................................................87
№ 8. Gareth Gives up his Job.........................................................................................88
№ 9. Gareth and Heather Discuss Trains, Cars and a Friend’s Brother.......................88
№ 10. Picnicking in the Country.....................................................................................89
Dialogue №1 (О'Connor)...............................................................................................89
Dialogue №2...................................................................................................................90
Dialogue №3 (О'Connor)...............................................................................................90
Dialogue № 4 Meet the Parkers......................................................................................91
Dialogue № 12 Meet the Parkers....................................................................................92
About Driving Lessons....................................................................................................93
A Day When Everything Seemed To Go Wrong..............................................................94
Bibliography......................................................................................................................95
5
Introduction
The practical course in English phonetics is meant for the students who
are to become interpreters. The book is best suited for the students who have
already taken a corrective course in pronunciation at the Institute.
The purpose of the present book is to help the students to develop their
own pronunciation habits.
Standard English falls into a number of functional styles having, of
course, some central points of resemblance. The difference between func-
tional styles brings about quite distinct types of pronunciation which primar-
ily affects the system of intonation. The study of pronunciation requires a sty-
listic approach.
Not less than two double periods of practical phonetics per week for two
terms would be required for completion of the course. If this time is not
available, the instructors would probably omit those practical parts of the
course which are not concerned with the common drawbacks of the students’
pronunciation.
Good luck!
6
Reading Rules.
Rules for Reading Vowel Letters in Stressed Syllables of Disyllabic
Words
1. English stressed vowel letters give the second sound value (closed
type of syllable) when followed by “rr”. The rule concerns non-derivative
words only.
e.g.: hurry /'hΛrı/, cherry /'t∫erı/, mirror /'mır∂/, horror /'hor∂/,
marry /'mærı/, lorry /'lorı/
2. English stressed vowel letters (with the exception of “u”) give the
second sound value (closed type of syllable) when followed by “r” and the
letter “i” in the posttonic syllable,
e.g.: peril /'perıl/, florid /'florıd/, civil /'sıvıl/
But! during /'dju∂rıŋ/
3. When there is a mute “e” at the end of the unstressed syllable, the
vowel letters “a”, “e”, “i”, “y”, “o” in the stressed syllable give the second
sound value, with the exception of the letter “u”, which gives the alphabetic
way of reading in this case,
e.g.: palace /'pælıs/, minute /'mınıt/, preface /'prefıs/
But! future /'fju:t∫∂/, fumade /'fju:meıd/
4. English stressed vowel letters followed by a consonant (other than “r”
or “1”), plus “l” or “r” and a mute “e”, give the first sound value (open type
of syllable),
e.g.: title /'taıtl/, bugle /'bju:gl/, table /'teıbl/, cycle /'saıkl/
5. English stressed vowel letters (with the exception of “u”) give the
second sound value when followed by “i” in the unstressed posttonic syllable,
e.g.: Spanish /'spænı∫/, topic /'topık/, epic /'epık/, limit /'lımıt/
Rules for Reading Vowel Letters in Stressed Syllables of Polysyllabic
Words
In polysyllabic words in which the stressed syllable is the third from the
end the vowel letters may also have the same four sound values (like those in
one- or two-syllable words),
e.g.: difficult /'difik∂lt/, ornament /'o:n∂m∂nt/, material /m∂'tı∂rı∂l/
7
The English stressed vowel letters (except “i”) are pronounced alpha-
betically in the open stressed syllable :
when followed by a single consonant (except “r”, “x”, “w”) and a hiatus
in the posttonic syllable,
e.g.: radiate /'reıdıeıt/, folio /'f ulı u/, mediate /'mi:dıeıt/
ɜ ɜ
The letter “i” in a similar position has the second sound value,
e.g.: subsidiary /s∂b'sıdı∂rı/
when the stressed vowel letter itself is a part of a hiatus,
e.g.: biograph /'baı ugra:f/, baobab /'beıobæb/
ɜ
3. When the stressed syllable is open and the third from the end, the
vowel letters (except “u”) give the second sound value (closed type of sylla-
ble) when followed by a single consonant (except “w”, “r”, “rr”),
e.g.: family /'fæmılı/, enemy /'en∂mı/, cinema /'sınım∂/
The vowel letter “u” retains the first sound value in the same position,
e.g.: unity /'ju:nıtı/
4. English stressed vowel letters in polysyllabic words give the third
sound value when followed by “r” plus a consonant (other than “r”),
e.g.: furniture /'fз:nıt∫∂/
5. The English vowel letters “a”, “o”, “u”, give diphthongs and the let-
ters “i/y” give the triphthongs when followed by the letter “r” plus “e” or “i”
plus a vowel in the unstressed posttonic syllable,
e.g.: various /'vε∂rı∂s/, material /m∂'tı∂rı∂l/, criterion /kraı'tı∂rı∂n/
Reading Rules. Exercises
Exercise 1. Transcribe the words, explain the reading rules.
warmth, fast, paths, calm, talk, salt, host, garlic, physicist, remark, gar-
ret, staff, cloak, skirt, jogging, terror, bright, share, barely, adhere, core, lore,
craft
daughter, aloud, soak, boat, cook, food, say, wait, peace, toy, voice, bee,
tie, veil, caught, cocoa, thought, bought, taboo, outline, coast, fought, moist,
bead, death, feudal
cauliflower, sausage, coachman, poultice, balloon, honeymoon, shrewd,
pursue, leukocyte, laurel, rheumatism, Jewish, exploitation, ointment, ap-
pointment, feint, wooden, ceiling, survey
fathom, laxity, haft, garrulous, staring, breadth, wallaby, composition,
vicarage, wamble, balky, papyrus, wharf, Lyra, plight, hearsay, exasperate,
Clareless, ticked, wrapped, supporting, phylum, gherkin, whiten
8
jingle, thigh, sculpture, knap, ankle, cybernation, height, bind, dread,
among, won, squash, wound, jerk, gem, goggle, soot, slogan, wrecker, ap-
plaud, lilac, caliph, quantitative, cherub, cashier, governess, ghetto, dread-
nought
verdict, oxherd, servo, Aden, celery, rank, saucer, buffalo, excrement,
further, vixen, sungry, ozone, malady, prattler, paragraph, artillery, drawer,
Germany, mingle, ruffle, metre, squirrel, fashion, chaos, diary, trouble
chaldron, oblivious, chalky, cereal,. dandelion, delinquency, diphthong,
dirndle, eider-down, malm, nereid, Iberian, mountebank, fibrous, glass-ware,
knot-grass, lance-knight, laxity, maudlin, piccolo, tabloid, solitude
cargo, hunger, goofy, cavity, Cyprus, gold-fever, bozo, ulcer, herbal,
Eden, catnip, assault, cloistress, cypher, eugenic, exhauster, gratee, honey-
comb, luxiriant, plaintiff, quadruplet, cuckoo, threadworm, steer, weird,
hearty, poorest
laird, fairy-tale, dreary, moorings, tourist, course, coarse, dearest, chair-
man, earth, their, weary, Europe, pirate, plural, retire, calm, balsam, stare,
whether, Muriel, neighbour, sore, mould, secure, jury, duration, murmur,
snore, whale, bury
kneeling, recover, conserve, breadth, the Urals, where
Exercise 2. Transcribe the words, explain the reading rules.
1. brainless, mount, release, beetle, ounce, shook, captain, foolish,
bamboo, armour, oath, caught, surround, rook, balloon, feudal, kangaroo,
straight, rumour, Seine, payday, agree, Maud, deceive;
2. starlet, lime, these, fly, coffee, turkey, mug, cord, skirt, timber,
phone, perfume, myrtle, clame, Susan, batman, system, check, kirk, porter,
farmer, turtle, rude, glue, rule;
3. tyrant, cognitive, fumigate, hygiene, Lares, novelty, outlaw,
shrunken, unanimous, vicarage, council, quincux, scapula, viral, wardship,
verso, pomace, wamble, warehouseman, muffineer, wriggler, balky, totem,
company, edge, discrepancy, kibitzer, ketchup, folding, officiate (v), papyrus,
phantom, plural;
4. coarse, early, heiress, search, fear, mohair, cheer, hoarse, fierce,
stair, moorage, fairy-tale, near;
5. gesture, knob, laundry, straight, warrant, cylinder, wretch, wrin-
kle, broom, plight, grieve, hind, gurgle, thread, margin, monkey, jaw, cover,
blouse, quarrel, warf;
6. abacus, arson, Carson, connotation, Delamere, eaten, faucal, im-
putation, Mabel, Maximus, parsec, wapiti, witchcraft, tracking, stalker, stank,
nuncio, fretsaw, peaked, solo, manikin;
9
7. wanderer, somersault, transplant, unicorn, use (n, v), colobus,
dire, galaxy, gerbil, iliac, Magi, Malton, panther, palsy, quark, saros,
smirked, tear (both meanings), loose, lose, threat;
8. serial, halter, Exeter, finder, ghost, wood, glance, humeral,
shute, housemaid, hovel, khaki, maverick, master, matrix, flood, Chicago,
paunch, patrial, wonder, wander, Zora, zero, sabre-toothed, numerous;
9. nought, kimono, Lancelot, mildly, pirate, rafter, swoon, thicket,
Byrom, butane, Elam, egret, harrow, ketchup, laceration, Londoner, Luton,
macho, migrant, obligee, pawnbroker, redraft, tuberose, Ugric, ulcer;
10. warrior, paroxysm, patronise, ragworm, ranch, Ryan, unisex,
wattlebird, homonym, drone, bastard, approve, baths, crew, execute, garish,
garret, intonation, lynx, maffia, malkin, malmsey, worry, postpone, sacred;
11. saloon, abstract, acute, aquanaut, bonus, dialogue, double-dutch,
eavesdrop, envious, fibre, Garibaldi, gravity, halftone, jackeroo, kerchief,
lithe, Lovelace, magnitude, masonry, megabuck, miscount, Myra, passerby,
quantity.
Exercise 3. Transcribe the words, explain the reading rules.
1. Austria, ridiculous, waistcoat, woodcraft, execution, evaporate
(v), marvellous, fault, during, thankful, passenger, immigrant, troops, leaf-
less, cooker, female, Plymouth, federal
2. Ivy, wealth, luxury, noble, foreign, yam, blindworm, glamorous,
felinity, Brutus, worship, flagrant, exasperate, excellence, morsel, begrudge,
knuckle, Walter, warp, Judas
3. epitomist, ferocious, cryptic, validity, cyclop, puffin, worthless,
wonder, oven, germs, knapsack, wrestler, wholesome, glycerin, ghaut, mal-
nutrition, intersperse, harmonize, persuade
4. smuggle, wrinkle, tuberculosis, leprosy, condemnation, getaway,
archaeology, deteriorate, flabbergasted, height, smoulder, auto, shampoo,
steady, bargain, eucalyptus, enjoyment, compound
5. woe, neighbour, cockroach, poultry, leather-clad, sub-lieutenant,
cancellation, cesarian, cyborg, defensible, Edam, flounced, gesticulate,
knockabout, kung fu, lateral, manslaughter
6. parenthesis, piracy, quarterly, sponge, mallet, waltz, wander,
gentry, garlic, physicist, garret, lore, barely, fright, hold-over, inbound, kan-
garoo, kanaka, okie-dokey, overcast
7. vary, purify, warrant, wreckage, playwright, saw-wort, shove,
siege, somersault, terror, cousin, delicate, exalt, hebetate (v), linguistic, Mal-
tese, metropolis, monkey, luminous
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