i. adverbial clauses

380 Pages·2007·3.83 MB·English

A TENSES 1

A.1. Simple Present......................................................................................1
A.1.1. Present Routines and Habits .....................................................1
A.1.2. General Truths and Rules...........................................................2
A.1.3. Permanent Situations and States..............................................2
A.1.4. Future Facts.................................................................................2
A.1.5. Reporting.....................................................................................2
A.1.6. Commentaries on Games...........................................................2
A.1.7. Step-by Step Instructions...........................................................2
A.1.8. Timetables ...................................................................................2
A.1.9. State/Non-continuous/Non-action Verbs ..................................2
A.1.10. The Expressions “I hope” and “I bet”.....................................3
A.1.11. Performative Verbs...................................................................3
A.1.12. If and Conjunctions of Time.....................................................3
A.1.13. Story Telling...............................................................................3
A.2. Present Continuous .............................................................................4
A.2.1. Actions at the Time of Speaking.............................................4
A.2.2. Longer and General Actions in Progress Now......................4
A.2.3. Personal Arrangements for Future.........................................5
A.2.4. Irritation.....................................................................................5
A.2.5. Temporary Routines or Habits................................................5
A.2.6. Changing Situations.................................................................5
A.2.7. Something That May be Going on At Any Time.....................5
A.2.8. Two Actions in The Present Tense.........................................5
A.2.9. Story-Telling..............................................................................5
A.2.10. Commentaries on Games......................................................6
A.2.11. Usage of “Being”....................................................................6
A.2.12. State Verbs with Progressive Meaning................................6
A.3. Simple Past...........................................................................................8
A.3.1. Completed Action in The Past....................................................9
A.3.2. A Series of Completed Actions................................................10
A.3.3. Single Duration..........................................................................10
A.3.4. Habit in The Past.......................................................................10
A.3.5. “Used to” ...................................................................................10
A.3.5.1. Habit in the Past.............................................................10
A.3.5.2. Past Fact.........................................................................10
A.3.6. Historical Events and Characters............................................10
A.4. Past Continuous.................................................................................11
A.4.1. Interrupted Action in the Past..................................................11
A.4.2. Specific Time as an Interruption..............................................12
A.4.3. Parallel Actions.........................................................................12
A.5. Present Perfect...................................................................................12
A.5.1. Unspecified Time Before Now..................................................13
A.5.1.1. Experience......................................................................13
A.5.1.2. Change Over Time.........................................................13
A.5.1.3. Accomplishments..........................................................14
A.5.1.4. An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting ...............14
A.5.1.5. Multiple Actions at Different Times..............................14
A.5.2. Duration From Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs).......15
A.5.3. News...........................................................................................15
A.5.4. “This/It is the First (second, third etc.) Time...”......................15
A.5.5. Present Perfect with a Future Meaning...................................15
A.5.6. “since” and “for”.......................................................................15
A.5.6.1. Since...............................................................................15
A.5.6.2. For...................................................................................15
A.5.7. “just” and “already”..................................................................15
A.5.8. “still” and “yet”.........................................................................16
A.5.9. “ever” and “never”....................................................................16
A.6. Present Perfect Continuous..............................................................16
A.6.1. Duration From The Past Until Now..........................................16
A.7. Past Perfect.........................................................................................17
A.7.1. Completed Action Before Something in Past.........................17
A.7.2. Duration Before Something in The Past (Non-continuous
Verbs)....................................................................................................18
A.8. Past Perfect Continuous....................................................................19
A.8.1. Duration Before Something in the Past...................................19
A.8.2. Cause of Something in the Past...............................................19
A.8.3. Imaginary Past...........................................................................20
A.9. Sim4ple Future....................................................................................20
A.9.1. “Will” to Express a Voluntary Action ......................................21
A.9.2. “Will” to Express a Promise.....................................................21
A.9.3. “Be going to” to Express a Plan..............................................21
A.10. Future Continuous ...........................................................................22
A.10.1. Interrupted Action in the Future.............................................23
A.10.2. Specific Time as an Interruption............................................23
A.10.3. Parallel Actions.......................................................................23
A.11. Future in The Past............................................................................23
A.11.1. Future in Past..........................................................................24
A.12. Future Perfect...................................................................................24
A.12.1. Completed Action Before Something in The Future............25
A.12.2. Duration Before Something in the Future.............................25
A.13. Future Perfect Continuous..............................................................26
A.13.1. Duration Before Something in The Future............................26
A.13.2. Cause of Something in the Future.........................................27

B. IF and WISH CLAUSES

B.1. Structure of Conditional Sentences..................................................29
B.2. Conditionals: Time an Probability Table..........................................29
B.3. Zero Conditional: Certainty...............................................................30
B.3.1. Present Zero Conditional..........................................................30
B.3.2. Past Zero Conditional...............................................................31
B.4. First Conditional: A Real Possibility in The Future.........................31
B.4.1. The First Conditional ................................................................31
B.4.2. ....................................................................................................32
B.4.3. ....................................................................................................32
B.4.4......................................................................................................32
B.4.5......................................................................................................33
B.5. Second Contitional: Imaginary Present of Unlikely Future.............33
B.5.1. ....................................................................................................33
B.5.2......................................................................................................33
B.5.3......................................................................................................34
B.5.4......................................................................................................34
B.5.5......................................................................................................34
B.5.6......................................................................................................34
B.6. Third Conditional: Imaginary Past ...................................................35
B.6.1......................................................................................................35
B.6.2......................................................................................................36
B.7. Mixed Conditionals.............................................................................36
B.8. Alternate Forms of The Conditionals................................................36
B.8.1. Future Possibility Less Probable and Tentative Suggestion 36
B.8.1.1. “were to + base verb Makes a Future Possibility Less
Probable.......................................................................................36
B.8.1.2. It can also be used to make a tentative suggestion....36
B.8.2. “am/is/are to” + Base Verb is Used to Indicate Purpose.......37
B.8.3. Omission of “if”.........................................................................37
B.8.3.1. Omission of “if” (Conversational)................................37
B.8.3.2. Omission of if (literary Inversion Forms).....................37
B.8.4. ....................................................................................................37
B.8.5......................................................................................................37
B.8.6......................................................................................................38
B.8.7......................................................................................................38
B.9. Wish Clauses......................................................................................38
B.9.1. “If Only” .....................................................................................38
B.9.1.1 ..........................................................................................38
B.9.1.2. .........................................................................................38
B.9.1.3...........................................................................................38

C. RELATIVES

C.1. Defining Relative Clauses (Restrictive Clause) ...............................39
C.1.1. For People..................................................................................40
C.1.2. For Things & Animals...............................................................40
C.1.3. Showing Possession for People..............................................40
C.1.4. Showing Possession for Things and Animals........................41
C.1.5. Omitting the Relative Pronoun in Defining Relative Clauses41
C.1.6. “When”, “Where”, and “Why” in Defining Relative Clauses.41
C.1.6.1...........................................................................................41
C.1.6.2...........................................................................................41
C.1.6.3...........................................................................................41
C.1.7. The Prepositions in Defining Relative Clauses......................42
C.2. Non-defining Relative Clause (Non-Restrictive Clause)..................42
C.2.1. For People..................................................................................42
C.2.2. For Things & Animals...............................................................42
C.2.3. Showing Possession for People..............................................43
C.2.4. Showing Possession for Things and Animals........................43
C.2.5. Special Cases for Non Defining Relatve Clauses...................43
C.2.5.1...........................................................................................43
C.2.5.2...........................................................................................43
C.2.5.3...........................................................................................43
C.2.6......................................................................................................44
C.2.7......................................................................................................44
C.2.8......................................................................................................44
C.2.9......................................................................................................44
C.2.10....................................................................................................44
C.2.11....................................................................................................44

D. NOUN CLAUSES

D.1. Noun Clauses Markers.......................................................................45
D.2. Grammatical Function........................................................................46
D.2.1. As a Subject...............................................................................46
D.2.2. As a Subject Complement........................................................46
D.2.3. As an Direct / Indirect Object...................................................47
D.2.4. As an Adjective Complement...................................................48
D.2.5. As an Object of a Preposition..................................................48
D.2.6. As a Noun Complement (Appositive)......................................48
D.3. Tense Usage in Noun Clauses ..........................................................48
D.3.1. ....................................................................................................48
D.3.2. ....................................................................................................48
D.3.3......................................................................................................49
D.3.4......................................................................................................49
D.3.5. ....................................................................................................49
D.3.6......................................................................................................49
D.3.7. ....................................................................................................49
D.3.8......................................................................................................49
D.3.9......................................................................................................50
D.3.10....................................................................................................50
E. DETERMINERS

E.1. Articles.................................................................................................51
E.2. Numerals.............................................................................................51
E.3. Pronouns and Determiners................................................................52
E.4. The Ordering of Determiners.............................................................52
E.5. Predeterminers...................................................................................52
E.5.1. “Multiplying” Expressions, Including Expressions Ending in
Times .........................................................................................53
E.5.2. Fractions....................................................................................53
E.5.3. The Words “all” and “both” .....................................................53
E.6. Central Determiners ...........................................................................53
E.7. Postdeterminers .................................................................................53

F. PREPOSITIONS

F.1. Prepositions of Time ..........................................................................55
F.2. Prepositions of Position/Order..........................................................57
F.3. Prepositions of Direction...................................................................59
F.4. Prepositions in Phrases and Idiomatic Expressions
(Compound Prepositions)...................................................................60
F.4.1. Phrases And Idıomatic Expressions With “To”......................60
F.4.2. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “All”.........................62
F.4.3. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “Of”.........................63
F.4.4. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “All”.........................63
F.4.5. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “With”.....................64
F.4.6. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “From”....................64
F.4.7. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “As”.........................65
F.4.8. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “At”.........................66
F.4.9. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “By”.........................67
F.4.10. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “For”.....................68
F.4.11. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “On”......................68
F.4.12. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “Out of”.................73
F.4.13. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “over”....................76
F.4.14. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “ever”....................76
F.4.15. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “Under”.................76
F.4.16. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “With up”..............77
F.4.17. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “Beside” ...............77
F.4.18. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “Within”................77
F.4.19. Phrases and Idiomatic Exqression With “Through”.............77
F.5. Marginal Prepositions.........................................................................77
F.6. Non-Verbal Marginal Prepositions ....................................................79
F.7. Prepositions After Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs.............................79
F.7.1. About..........................................................................................79
F.7.2. Against.......................................................................................79
F.7.3. Among........................................................................................79
F.7.4. At.................................................................................................79
F.7.5. Between......................................................................................79
F.7.6. By................................................................................................79
F.7.7. For...............................................................................................80
F.7.8 From. ...........................................................................................80
F.7.9. In.................................................................................................80
F.7.10. Into............................................................................................81
F.7.11. Of..............................................................................................81
F.7.12 On..............................................................................................81
F.7.13. Out............................................................................................82
F.7.14. Out of........................................................................................82
F.7.15 Over...........................................................................................82
F.7.16 To...............................................................................................82
F.7.17 Towards.....................................................................................82
F.7.18 With............................................................................................82
F.7.19. Up..............................................................................................83
F.7.20. Upon.........................................................................................83
F.8. The Passive.........................................................................................83
F.8.1. “By” ............................................................................................83
F.8.2. “With”.........................................................................................83
F.9. Prepositions at the End of Sentences...............................................83
F.9.1. Questions With Multi-Part Verbs..............................................84
F.9.2. Other Clauses (not only questions) Beginning with “what”..84
F.9.3. Relative Clauses........................................................................84
F.9.4. Passives With Multi-Part Verbs................................................84
F.9.5. Reported Speech.......................................................................84
F.9.6. Infinitive Clauses.......................................................................84
F.10. Prepositions Put Earlier in The Sentences.....................................84
F.10.1. Questions.................................................................................84
F.10.2. Relative Clauses......................................................................84

G. CONJUNCTIONS

G.1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions..............................................................87
G.1.1. And.............................................................................................87
G.1.2. Or................................................................................................87
G.1.3. For..............................................................................................87
G.1.4. but .............................................................................................87
G.1.4.1. .........................................................................................87
G.1.4.2. .........................................................................................87
G.1.4.3. .........................................................................................88
G.1.4.4. .........................................................................................88
G.1.4.5. .........................................................................................88
G.1.4.6. .........................................................................................88
G.1.4.7. .........................................................................................88
G.1.4.8. .........................................................................................88
G.1.5.Nor (neither)................................................................................88
G.1.6. So...............................................................................................88
G.1.6.1.. ........................................................................................88
G.1.6.2. .........................................................................................88
G.1.6.3. .........................................................................................88
G.1.6.4. .........................................................................................88
G.1.6.5. .........................................................................................88
G.1.7. Yet..............................................................................................89
G.1.7.1. .........................................................................................89
G.1.7.2. .........................................................................................89
G.2. Subordinating Conjunctions.............................................................89
G.2.1. Even now/then...........................................................................89
G.2.2. As soon as.................................................................................89
G.2.3. What...........................................................................................89
G.2.4. Why............................................................................................89
G.2.4.1. .........................................................................................89
G.2.4.2...........................................................................................89
G.2.5. Where.........................................................................................90
G.2.5.1...........................................................................................90
G.2.5.2...........................................................................................90
G.2.5.3...........................................................................................90
G.2.5.4...........................................................................................90
G.2.5.5...........................................................................................90
G.2.6. That............................................................................................90
G.2.6.1. .........................................................................................90
G.2.6.2. .........................................................................................90
G.2.6.3. .........................................................................................90
G.2.6.4. .........................................................................................90
G.2.6.5. .........................................................................................90
G.2.6.6. .........................................................................................90
G.2.7. How............................................................................................90
G.2.8. If..................................................................................................90
G.2.9. Even if........................................................................................90
G.2.10.Than..........................................................................................91
G.2.11. Whatever/No matter what.......................................................91
G.2.12. Whoever/ No matter who........................................................91
G.2.13. Whichever / No matter which.................................................91
G.2.14. Whichever / No matter when..................................................91
G.2.15. However / No matter how.......................................................91
G.2.15.1. .......................................................................................91
G.2.15.2.........................................................................................91
G.2.16. Wherever / No matter where...................................................91
G.2.17. Unless......................................................................................91
G.2.18. Now that...................................................................................92
G.2.19. Whereas...................................................................................92
G.2.20. As.............................................................................................92
G.2.20.1.........................................................................................92
G.2.20.2.........................................................................................92
G.2.20.3.........................................................................................92
G.2.20.4.........................................................................................92
G.2.20.5.........................................................................................92
G.2.20.6.........................................................................................92
G.2.20.7.........................................................................................93