Hypertension Primer: The Essentials of High Blood Pressure: Basic Science, Population Science, and Clinical Management

640 Pages·2007·6.541 MB·English

by  Joseph L Izzo, Domenic Sica, Henry R Black

F O U R T H E D I T I O N
HYPERTENSION
PRIMER
THE ESSENTIALS OF HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE
The production of this book was sponsored by Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (‘‘Novartis’’).
Novartis was not involved in the development of this publication and in no way influenced its
content.
FOURTH EDITION
HYPERTENSION
PRIMER
Editors
Joseph L. Izzo, Jr., MD Henry R. Black, MD
ProfessorofMedicine,Pharmacology, ClinicalProfessorofInternalMedicine
andToxicology NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine
StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo Director,HypertensionResearch
ClinicalDirector,DepartmentofMedicine NewYork,NewYork
ErieCountyMedicalCenter
Buffalo,NewYork
Domenic A. Sica, MD
ProfessorofMedicineandPharmacology
Chairman,ClinicalPharmacology
andHypertension
DepartmentofMedicine
VirginiaCommonwealthUniversityHealthSystem
Richmond,Virginia
From the Council on High Blood Pressure Research
American Heart Association
AcquisitionsEditor:FrancesDeStefano
ManagingEditor:ChrisPotash
ProjectManager:CindyOberle
SeniorManufacturingManager:BenRivera
MarketingManager:KimberlySchonberger
CreativeDirector:DougSmock
ProductionServices:LaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
2008AmericanHeartAssociation,Dallas,Texas
Format,Design,andIndex2008
LIPPINCOTTWILLIAMS&WILKINS
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FirstEdition1998Williams&Wilkins
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Hypertensionprimer:theessentialsofhighbloodpressure:basicscience,populationscience,andclinicalmanagement/editors,
JosephL.IzzoJr.,DomenicA.Sica,HenryR.Black.—4thed.
p.;cm.
‘‘FromtheCouncilonHighBloodPressure,AmericanHeartAssociation.’’
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-7817-8205-0
1.Hypertension.I.Izzo,JosephL.II.Sica,DomenicA.III.Black,HenryR.(HenryRichard),1942-IV.CouncilforHighBlood
PressureResearch(AmericanHeartAssociation)
[DNLM:1.Hypertension.WG340H996542008]
RC685.H8H9232008
616.1(cid:1)32—dc22
2007037803
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my wonderful identical twin sons, Allan and Andrew, for the personal inspiration they
provide and the important life lesson they have taught me: our genes are not necessarily more
important than how we interact with our environment
JLI
To my wife Jennifer, who always provided the reason to go on, and to Mike, Chris, and
Steve for their never ending support
DAS
To the people I love: my wife and perfect partner, Benita; my children, Dana and Matt; my
granddaughter, Sabrina; my daughter-in-law, Becky; and to Emily and Josh, the newest
members of my family: for their support and inspiration these many years. And also to my
colleagues and their patients: I hope they will benefit from our efforts
HRB

■
C O N T E N T S
Preface xvii
ContributingAuthors xix
PART A■ BASIC SCIENCE
SECTIONI ■ ION TRANSPORTAND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Chapter1 SignalTransduction:Receptors 1
GretiAguilera,MD
Chapter2 GuanineNucleotideBindingProteins 4
JamesC.Garrison,PhD
Chapter3 CyclicNucleotidesandTheirRegulation 8
StankoS.Stojilkovic,PhD
Chapter4 SignalTransduction:InositolPhospholipidsandInositolPhosphates 12
TamasBalla,MD,PhD
Chapter5 ProteinPhosphorylation 16
GeorgeW.Booz,PhDandKennethM.Baker,MD
Chapter6 IntracellularpHandCellVolume 21
BradfordC.Berk,MD,PhD
Chapter7 CellularPotassiumTransport 24
JasonX.-J.Yuan,MD,PhDandMordecaiP.Blaustein,MD
Chapter8 CalciumTransportandCalmodulin 27
DavidJ.Triggle,PhD,DSc(Hon.)
Chapter9 ReactiveOxygenSpeciesandMediatorsofOxidativeStress 30
RhianM.Touyz,MD,PhD
Chapter10 VascularSmoothMuscleContractionandRelaxation 34
RitaC.Tostes,PhD,RomuloLeite,PhDandR.ClintonWebb,PhD
SECTIONII ■ VASOACTIVESUBSTANCES
Chapter11 CatecholamineSynthesis,Release,Reuptake,andMetabolism 37
DavidS.Goldstein,MD,PhDandGraemeEisenhofer,PhD
Chapter12 AdrenergicandDopaminergicReceptorsandActions 39
KathleenH.Berecek,PhDandRobertM.Carey,MD,MACP
Chapter13 ProreninandRenin 44
WilliamH.Beierwaltes,PhD
vii
viii Contents
Chapter14 Angiotensinogen 47
MortonP.Printz,PhD
Chapter15 AngiotensinI–ConvertingEnzymeandNeprilysin(NeutralEndopep-
tidase) 49
RandalA.Skidgel,PhDandErvinG.Erdo¨s,MD
Chapter16 AngiotensinFormationandDegradation 52
CarlosM.Ferrario,MDandMarkC.Chappell,PhD
Chapter17 Angiotensins:ActionsandReceptors 54
TheodoreL.Goodfriend,MD
Chapter18 TissueRenin-AngiotensinSystems 59
NancyJ.Brown,MD
Chapter19 AdrenalSteroidSynthesisandRegulation 61
CelsoE.Gomez-Sanchez,MD
Chapter20 MineralocorticoidReceptors 64
Tae-YonChun,PhDandJ.HowardPratt,MD
Chapter21 Endothelin 66
ErnestoL.Schiffrin,MD,PhD,FRSC,FRCPC,FACP
Chapter22 VasopressinandNeuropeptideY 70
AllenW.Cowley,Jr.,PhDandMieczyslawMichalkiewicz,DVM,PhD
Chapter23 CalcitoninGene–RelatedPeptidesandAdrenomedullin-Derived
Peptides 73
DonaldJ.DiPette,MDandScottSupowit,PhD
Chapter24 Acetylcholine,γ-AminobutyricAcid,Serotonin,Adenosine,
andEndogenousOuabain 75
JohnM.Hamlyn,PhD
Chapter25 VascularandRenalNitricOxide 78
LeopoldoRaij,MD
Chapter26 Kinins 82
OscarA.Carretero,MDandNour-EddineRhaleb,PhD
Chapter27 EndogenousNatriureticPeptides 85
WillisK.Samson,PhDandDomenicA.Sica,MD
Chapter28 VasoactiveGrowthFactors 88
CarrieA.Northcott,PhDandStephanieW.Watts,PhD
Chapter29 PlasminogenActivationandtheRenin-AngiotensinSystem 91
DouglasE.Vaughan,MD
Chapter30 ProstaglandinsandP450Metabolites 94
AlbertoNasjletti,MDandJohnC.McGiff,MD
Chapter31 LipoxygenaseProducts 97
MichaelD.Williams,MDandJerryL.Nadler,MD
Chapter32 PeroxisomeProliferator–ActivatedReceptors 100
SanjeevA.Francis,MDandJorgePlutzky,MD
Chapter33 Endocannabinoids 103
GeorgeKunos,MD,PhD,FAHAandPa´lPacher,MD,PhD,FAHA
Chapter34 ActiveProductsofAdipocytes 107
NathanielWiner,MD
Contents ix
Chapter35 Leptin 110
WilliamG.Haynes,MD
Chapter36 Adiponectin 113
WillaA.Hsueh,MDandRajendraK.Tangirala,PhD
SECTIONIII ■ VASOREGULATORY SYSTEMS
Chapter37 CentralNervousSysteminArterialPressureRegulation 116
J.MichaelWyss,PhD
Chapter38 ArterialBaroreflexes 120
MarkW.Chapleau,PhD
Chapter39 CardiopulmonaryBaroreflexes 123
MarkE.Dunlap,MD
Chapter40 RenalSympatheticNervesandExtracellularFluidVolumeRegulation 126
EdwardJ.Johns,BSc,PhD,DSc
Chapter41 SystemicHemodynamicsandRegionalBloodFlowRegulation 129
ThomasG.Coleman,PhDandJohnE.Hall,PhD
Chapter42 LocalAutoregulationofTissueBloodFlow 132
RobertL.Hester,PhDandJohnE.Hall,PhD
Chapter43 RespirationandBloodPressure 136
GianfrancoParati,MD,FAHA,FESC,JosephL.Izzo,Jr.,MD
andBenjaminGavish,PhD
Chapter44 PulsatileBloodFlowandShearStress 139
MichelE.Safar,MDandGaryF.Mitchell,MD
SECTION IV ■ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
HYPERTENSION
Chapter45 Aging,ArterialFunction,andSystolicHypertension 144
StanleyS.Franklin,MD,FACP,FACCandGaryF.Mitchell,MD
Chapter46 Obesity-RelatedHypertension 149
EfrainReisin,MD
Chapter47 InsulinActionsandInsulinResistance 151
Adam Whaley-Connell, DO, MSPH, Samy I. McFarlane, MD, MPH and
JamesR.Sowers,MD,ASCI
Chapter48 PolycysticOvarySyndrome 154
CarenG.Solomon,MDandEllenW.Seely,MD
Chapter49 SaltSensitivity 156
FernandoElijovich,MDandCherylL.Laffer,MD,PhD
Chapter50 PathophysiologyofRenalParenchymalHypertension 159
VitoM.Campese,MDandJeaniePark,MD
Chapter51 PathophysiologyofRenovascularHypertension 162
L.GabrielNavar,PhDandDavidW.Ploth,MD
Chapter52 CoarctationoftheAorta 166
AlbertP.Rocchini,MD
Chapter53 Hypertension Caused by Thyroid and Parathyroid Abnormalities,
Acromegaly,andAndrogens 168
YoramShenker,MD
x Contents
Chapter54 PathophysiologyofPreeclampsia 171
EllenW.Seely,MDandMarshallD.Lindheimer,MD
Chapter55 PathophysiologyofSleepApnea 174
BarbaraJ.Morgan,PhD
Chapter56 BloodPressureVariabilityandReactivity 177
JosephL.Izzo,Jr.,MD
Chapter57 ExperimentalModelsofHypertension 181
RalphE.Watson,MD,FACPandDonaldJ.DiPette,MD
SECTIONV ■ MECHANISMSOF TARGETORGAN DAMAGE
Chapter58 Aging,Hypertension,andtheHeart 184
EdwardG.Lakatta,MDandSamerS.Najjar,MD
Chapter59 PathogenesisofHypertensiveLeftVentricularHypertrophy
andDiastolicDysfunction 188
EdwardD.Frohlich,MD
Chapter60 PathogenesisofChronicHeartFailure 191
ThierryH.LeJemtel,MDandPierreV.Ennezat,MD
Chapter61 MechanismsofVascularRemodeling 195
GaryL.Baumbach,MD
Chapter62 MicrovascularRegulationandDysregulation 198
AndrewS.Greene,PhD
Chapter63 OxidativeStressandHypertension 201
DavidG.Harrison,MDandKathyK.Griendling,PhD
Chapter64 EndothelialFunctionandCardiovascularDisease 204
JulianP.J.Halcox,MA,MD,FRCPandArshedA.Quyyumi,MD,FACC,
FRCP
Chapter65 AtherogenesisandCoronaryArteryDisease 209
ThomasD.Giles,MD
Chapter66 PathogenesisofStroke 214
J.DavidSpence,BA,MBA,MD,FRCPC,FAHA
Chapter67 PathogenesisofAcuteHypertensiveEncephalopathy 217
DonaldD.Heistad,MD,FrankM.Faraci,PhD
andWilliamT.Talman,MD
Chapter68 PathogenesisofMildCognitiveImpairmentandDementia 219
LindaA.Hershey,MD,PhD
Chapter69 PathogenesisofNephrosclerosisandChronicKidneyDisease 222
SharonAnderson,MD
Chapter70 TheEyeinHypertension 226
RobertN.Frank,MD
SECTIONVI ■ BASIC GENETICS
Chapter71 GeneticsofHypertension 229
AlanB.Weder,MD
Chapter72 MonogenicDeterminantsofBloodPressure 232
RobertG.Dluhy,MD
Chapter73 HeritabilityofHypertensionandTargetOrganDamage 236
DonnaK.Arnett,PhD,MSPH