Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry Physics

459 Pages·2019·100.096 MB·English

by  Gianpiero Colonna, Mario Capitelli, Annarita Laricchiuta

Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry
Physics
IOP Series in Plasma Physics
Series Editors
Richard Dendy
Culham Centre for Fusion Energy and the University of Warwick, UK
Uwe Czarnetzki
Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
About the series
TheIOPPlasmaPhysicsebookseriesaimsatcomprehensivecoverageofthephysics
andapplicationsofnaturalandlaboratoryplasmas,acrossalltemperatureregimes.
Books in the series range from graduate and upper-level undergraduate textbooks,
research monographs and reviews.
The conceptual areas of plasma physics addressed in the series include:
(cid:129) Equilibrium, stability and control
(cid:129) Waves: fundamental properties, emission, and absorption
(cid:129) Nonlinear phenomena and turbulence
(cid:129) Transport theory and phenomenology
(cid:129) Laser-plasma interactions
(cid:129) Non-thermal and suprathermal particle populations
(cid:129) Beams and non-neutral plasmas
(cid:129) High energy density physics
(cid:129) Plasma-solid interactions, dusty, complex and non-ideal plasmas
(cid:129) Diagnostic measurements and techniques for data analysis
The fields of application include:
(cid:129) Nuclear fusion through magnetic and inertial confinement
(cid:129) Solar-terrestrial and astrophysical plasma environments and phenomena
(cid:129) Advanced radiation sources
(cid:129) Materials processing and functionalisation
(cid:129) Propulsion, combustion and bulk materials management
(cid:129) Interaction of plasma with living matter and liquids
(cid:129) Biological, medical and environmental systems
(cid:129) Low temperature plasmas, glow discharges and vacuum arcs
(cid:129) Plasma chemistry and reaction mechanisms
(cid:129) Plasma production by novel means
Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry
Physics
Gianpiero Colonna, Mario Capitelli and Annarita Laricchiuta
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
ªIOPPublishingLtd2019
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem
ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording
orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher,orasexpresslypermittedbylawor
undertermsagreedwiththeappropriaterightsorganization.Multiplecopyingispermittedin
accordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,theCopyright
ClearanceCentreandotherreproductionrightsorganizations.
CertainimagesinthispublicationhavebeenobtainedbytheauthorsfromtheWikipedia/
Wikimediawebsite,wheretheyweremadeavailableunderaCreativeCommonslicenceorstated
tobeinthepublicdomain. Pleaseseeindividualfigurecaptionsinthispublicationfordetails. To
theextentthatthelawallows,IOPPublishingdisclaimsanyliabilitythatanypersonmaysufferas
aresultofaccessing,usingorforwardingtheimages. Anyreuserightsshouldbecheckedand
permissionshouldbesoughtifnecessaryfromWikipedia/Wikimediaand/orthecopyrightowner
(asappropriate)beforeusingorforwardingtheimages.
PermissiontomakeuseofIOPPublishingcontentotherthanassetoutabovemaybesought
[email protected].
GianpieroColonna,MarioCapitelliandAnnaritaLaricchiutahaveassertedhisrighttobe
identifiedastheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,
DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
ISBN 978-0-7503-1668-2(ebook)
ISBN 978-0-7503-1666-8(print)
ISBN 978-0-7503-1667-5(mobi)
DOI 10.1088/2053-2563/aae894
Version:20190301
IOPExpandingPhysics
ISSN2053-2563(online)
ISSN2054-7315(print)
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData:Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable
fromtheBritishLibrary.
PublishedbyIOPPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,London
IOPPublishing,TempleCircus,TempleWay,Bristol,BS16HG,UK
USOffice:IOPPublishing,Inc.,190NorthIndependenceMallWest,Suite601,Philadelphia,
PA19106,USA
This book and the 61st course Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry Physics of the Ettore
Majorana Foundation are dedicated to the memory of Professor Sergio Martellucci,
Director of the International School of Quantum Electronics, excellent scientist and
wonderful man.

Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
About the editors xviii
Contributors xx
1 Considerations on meteoroid entry physics 1-1
References 1-7
Part I Meteoroid and meteorite science
2 The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk impactor 2-1
2.1 Trajectory 2-2
2.2 Structure 2-3
2.3 Origin 2-8
2.4 Implications 2-9
Acknowledgements 2-10
References 2-10
3 Properties of meteoroids from forward scatter radio observations 3-1
3.1 Radio meteor theory 3-1
3.2 The BRAMS project 3-6
3.2.1 The BRAMS network 3-6
3.2.2 The BRAMS data 3-10
3.2.3 Determination of meteoroid trajectories using BRAMS data 3-13
3.2.4 Comparisons of optical observations with BRAMS data 3-18
3.3 Conclusions 3-21
Acknowledgements 3-21
References 3-21
4 The flux of meteoroids over time: meteor emission spectroscopy 4-1
and the delivery of volatiles and chondritic materials to Earth
4.1 The meteor phenomenon and the origin of Earth’s volatiles 4-4
4.2 Meteor spectroscopy: an added value to Meteoritica 4-6
4.3 Relative elemental abundances and cosmochemical ratios from 4-10
photographic, video and CCD spectroscopy
vii
HypersonicMeteoroidEntryPhysics
4.3.1 Obtaining meteoroid chemical abundances 4-11
4.3.2 Some examples of elemental abundance ratios 4-11
4.3.3 Other ratios of cosmochemical interest 4-14
4.4 The Na overabundance: clues on the delivery of volatiles from fragile 4-16
meteoroids and IDPs
4.5 Astrobiological implications of the continuous arrival of chondritic 4-16
components to Earth’s surface
4.6 Conclusions and future work 4-17
Acknowledgements 4-19
References 4-19
5 Compositional, mineralogical and structural investigation of 5-1
meteorites by XRD and LIBS
5.1 The XRD technique 5-3
5.1.1 Principles and basic instrumentation 5-3
5.1.2 Field instrumentation 5-5
5.1.3 Qualitative analysis 5-6
5.1.4 Quantitative analysis 5-6
5.1.5 Advantages and disadvantages of powder-XRD analysis 5-7
5.1.6 Meteorite characterization using XRD 5-7
5.2 The LIBS technique 5-14
5.2.1 Instrumentation, principles, mechanisms and processes of 5-14
plasma formation and dynamics
5.2.2 Field LIBS instrumentations 5-16
5.2.3 Qualitative analysis 5-17
5.2.4 Quantitative analysis 5-18
5.2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of LIBS analysis 5-20
5.2.6 Meteorite characterization by LIBS 5-21
5.3 Conclusions and perspectives 5-30
References 5-31
Part II Hypersonic entry physics
6 Radiation gas dynamics of centimeter meteoric bodies at an 6-1
altitude of 80 km
6.1 Computer RadGD model 6-3
6.2 Numerical simulation results 6-6
viii
HypersonicMeteoroidEntryPhysics
6.3 Conclusion 6-13
References 6-14
7 Super-orbital entry of artificial asteroids (Apollo, Hayabusa) 7-1
and CFD/radiation/thermal analysis of the entry of the
Chelyabinsk meteorite
7.1 A simplified model for meteoroid entry 7-2
7.1.1 Fluid dynamics and chemistry 7-2
7.1.2 Predictions for small meteoroids 7-3
7.2 Entry of large meteoroids 7-6
7.2.1 The Chelyabinsk meteor 7-8
7.2.2 The Saint Valentine meteor 7-11
7.2.3 CFD computations 7-11
7.3 Heating 7-17
7.3.1 Convective heating 7-17
7.3.2 Meteoroid composition 7-17
7.3.3 Radiation computations 7-18
7.4 Thermal analysis 7-19
7.5 Conclusions 7-20
References 7-21
8 High-enthalpy ionized flows 8-1
8.1 Modeling of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium plasmas 8-2
8.1.1 Development of reduced-order models 8-4
8.1.2 Application: radiative shock waves in a hydrogen plasma 8-6
8.2 Self-consistent state-to-state approach 8-11
8.3 The self-consistent model in hypersonic flows 8-12
8.3.1 Boundary layer 8-14
8.3.2 Nozzle flow 8-17
8.3.3 Shock tubes 8-21
References 8-23
9 Precursor ionization during high-speed Earth entry 9-1
9.1 Langmuir probe analysis 9-2
9.1.1 Basics 9-2
9.1.2 Measurement of electron properties 9-4
9.2 Experimental set-up 9-6
ix