Hydrological Modelling in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

223 Pages·2008·7.68 MB·English

by  Howard Wheater

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HydrologicalModellinginAridandSemi-AridAreas
Aridandsemi-aridregionsaredefinedasareaswherewaterisatitsmostscarce.Thehydrological
regimeintheseareasisextremeandhighlyvariable,whereflashfloodsfromasinglelargestorm
can exceed the total runoff from a sequence of years. Globally, these areas face the greatest
pressures to deliver and manage freshwater resources. Problems are further exacerbated by
populationgrowth,increasingdomesticwateruse,expansionofagriculture,pollution,andthe
threatofclimatechange.However,thereislittleguidanceonthehydrologyofaridareas,andnone
onthedecisionsupporttoolsthatareneededtounderpinfloodandwaterresourcemanagement.
Asaresult,UNESCOinitiatedtheGlobalNetworkforWaterandDevelopmentInformation
forAridLands(G-WADI),andarrangedaworkshopoftheworld’sleadingexpertstodiscuss
the hydrological modelling tools required to support water management in these areas. This
book presents chapters from contributors to the workshop. It includes case studies from the
world’smajoraridregions,includingAfrica,theMiddleEast,theUSA,India,andAustralia,to
demonstratemodelapplications.Itcontainsweblinkstotutorialsandstate-of-the-artmodelling
software. This volume will be valuable for researchers and engineers working on the water
resourcesofaridandsemi-aridregions.
Howard WheaterisHeadofEnvironmentalandWaterResourceEngineeringintheDepart-
ment of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Imperial College London, and co-chair of
G-WADI.
Soroosh Sorooshian isDistinguishedProfessorofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering
and Director of the Centre for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing at the Henry Samueli
SchoolofEngineering,UniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine.
K. D. Sharma isDirectoroftheNationalInstituteofHydrology,India,andamemberofthe
G-WADISteeringCommittee.HeisalsoaVisitingFellowattheChineseAcademyofSciences
andtheWinandStaringCentre,theNetherlands.
INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGY SERIES
The International Hydrological Programme (IHP) was established by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) in 1975 as the successor to the International Hydrological Decade. The long-term goal of the IHP is to
advanceourunderstandingofprocessesoccurringinthewatercycleandtointegratethisknowledgeintowaterresourcesmanagement.
TheIHPistheonlyUNscienceandeducationalprogrammeinthefieldofwaterresources,andoneofitsoutputshasbeenasteady
streamoftechnicalandinformationdocumentsaimedatwaterspecialistsanddecision-makers.
The International Hydrology Series has been developed by the IHP in collaboration with Cambridge University Press as a major
collection of research monographs, synthesis volumes and graduate texts on the subject of water. Authoritative and international in
scope, the various books within the series all contribute to the aims of the IHP in improving scientific and technical knowledge of
fresh-waterprocesses,inprovidingresearchknow-howandinstimulatingtheresponsiblemanagementofwaterresources.
editorial advisory board
SecretarytotheAdvisoryBoard
DrMichaelBonellDivisionofWaterSciences,UNESCO,1rueMiollis,Paris75732,France
MembersoftheAdvisoryBoard
ProfessorB.P.F.BragaJrCentroTechnolo´gicadeHidra´ulica,Sa˜oPaulo,Brazil
ProfessorG.DaganFacultyofEngineering,TelAvivUniversity,Israel
DrJ.KhouriWaterResourcesDivision,ArabCentreforStudiesofAridZonesandDryLands,Damascus,Syria
DrG.LeavesleyUSGeologicalSurvey,WaterResourcesDivision,DenverFederalCenter,Colorado,USA
DrE.MorrisScottPolarResearchInstitute,Cambridge,UK
ProfessorL.OyebandeDepartmentofGeographyandPlanning,UniversityofLagos,Nigeria
ProfessorS.SorooshianDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,California,USA
ProfessorK.TakeuchiDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,YamanashiUniversity,Japan
ProfessorD.E.WallingDepartmentofGeography,UniversityofExeter,UK
ProfessorI.WhiteCentreforResourceandEnvironmentalStudies,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,Australia
titles in print in the series
M.Bonell,M.M.Hufschmidt,andJ.S.GladwellHydrologyandWaterManagementintheHumidTropics:HydrologicalResearch
IssuesandStrategiesforWaterManagement
Z.W.KundzewiczNewUncertaintyConceptsinHydrologyandWaterResources
R.A.FeddesSpaceandTimeScaleVariabilityandInterdependenciesinHydrologicalProcesses
G.DaganandS.NeumanSubsurfaceFlowandTransport:AStochasticApproach
J.C.vanDamImpactsofClimateChangeandClimateVariabilityonHydrologicalRegimes
J.J.BogardiandZ.W.KundzewiczRisk,Reliability,UncertaintyandRobustnessofWaterResourceSystems
G.KaserandH.OsmastonTropicalGlaciers
I.A.ShiklomanovandJ.C.RoddaWorldWaterResourcesattheBeginningoftheTwenty-FirstCentury
A.S.IssarClimateChangesduringtheHoloceneandtheirImpactonHydrologicalSystems
M. BonellandL.A.BruijnzeelForests,WaterandPeopleintheHumidTropics:Past,PresentandFutureHydrologicalResearchfor
IntegratedLandandWaterManagement
F. GhassemiandI.WhiteInter-BasinWaterTransfer:CaseStudiesfromAustralia,UnitedStates,Canada,ChinaandIndia
K.D.W. NandalalandJ.J.BogardiDynamicProgrammingBasedOperationofReservoirs:ApplicabilityandLimits
H.S. Wheater,S.Sorooshian,andK.D.SharmaHydrologicalModellinginAridandSemi-AridAreas
Hydrological Modelling in Arid and
Semi-Arid Areas
Howard Wheater
ImperialCollegeofScience,TechnologyandMedicine,London
Soroosh Sorooshian
UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine
K. D. Sharma
NationalInstituteofHydrology,Roorkee,India
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS
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Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521869188
© Cambridge University Press 2008
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2007
ISBN-13 978-0-511-37710-5 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-86918-8 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
Listofcontributors pagevi 7 Themodularmodellingsystem(MMS):atoolbox
Preface viii forwaterandenvironmentalresources
Acknowledgements ix management 87
G.H.Leavesley,S.L.Markstrom,R.J.Viger,
1 Modelling hydrological processes in arid and andL.E.Hay
semi-aridareas:anintroduction 1
8 Calibration,uncertainty,andregionalanalysisofconceptual
H.S.Wheater
rainfall-runoffmodels 99
2 Globalprecipitationestimationfromsatelliteimageryusing H.S.Wheater,T.Wagener,andN.McIntyre
artificialneuralnetworks 21
9 Real-timeflowforecasting 113
S.Sorooshian,K.-L.,Hsu,B.Imam,andY.Hong
P.C.Young
3 Modellingsemi-aridandaridhydrologyandwater
10 Real-timefloodforecasting:Indianexperience 139
resources:ThesouthernAfricaexperience 29
R.D.Singh
D.A.Hughes
11 Groundwatermodellinginhard-rockterrainin
4 UseoftheIHACRESrainfall-runoffmodelin
semi-aridareas:experiencefromIndia 157
aridandsemi-aridregions 41
S.Ahmed,J.-C.Mare´chal,E.Ledoux,
B.F.W.CrokeandA.J.Jakeman
andG.deMarsily
5 KINEROS2andtheAGWAmodellingFramework 49
D.J.Semmens,D.C.Goodrich,C.L.Unkrich, AppendixAccesstosoftwareanddataproducts 191
R.E.Smith,D.A.Woolhiser,andS.N.Miller Index 193
6 Ephemeralflowandsedimentdeliverymodellinginthe
Indianaridzone 69
K.D.Sharma
v
Contributors
S.Ahmed B.Imam
NationalGeophysicalResearchInstitute, DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
Indo-FrenchCentreforGroundwaterResearch, UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,California,USA
Hyderabad,India
A.J.Jakeman
IntegratedCatchmentAssessmentandManagementCentre,
B.F.W.Croke
CentreforResourceandEnvironmentalStudies,
IntegratedCatchmentAssessmentand
TheAustralianNationalUniversity,
ManagementCentre,CentreforResourceandEnvironmental
Canberra,Australia
Studies,TheAustralianNationalUniversity,
Canberra,Australia G.Leavesley
USGS,WRD,
G.deMarsily Denver,Colorado,USA
Universite´PierreetMarieCurie–ParisVI,
UMRCNRSSisyphe, E.Ledoux
Paris,France EcoleNationaleSupe´rieuredesMinesdeParis,
UMRCNRSSisyphe,Fontainebleau,France
D.C.Goodrich
J.-C.Mare´chal
USDAAgriculturalResearchService,
BureaudeRecherchesGe´ologiquesetMinie`res,
SouthwestWatershedResearchCenter,
Montpellier,France
Tucson,Arizona,USA
S.L.Markstrom
L.E.Hay USGS,WRD,
USGS,WRD, Denver,Colorado,USA
Denver,Colorado,USA
N.McIntyre
DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering,
Y.Hong
ImperialCollege,
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
London,UK
UniversityofCalifornia,
Irvine,California,USA S.N.Miller
UniversityofWyoming,
K.-L.Hsu DepartmentofNaturalResources,
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering Laramie,Wyoming,USA
UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,California,USA
D.J.Semmens
D.A.,Hughes USEPA/ORD/NERL,
InstituteforWaterResearch,RhodesUniversity, LandscapeEcologyBranch,
Grahamstown,SouthAfrica LasVegas,Nevada,USA
vi
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii
K.D.Sharma R.J.Viger
NationalInstituteofHydrology, USGS,WRD,
JalvigyanBhawan, Denver,Colorado,USA
Roorkee,India
T.Wagener
R.D.Singh
CivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
NationalInstituteofHydrology
ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,
JalvigyanBhawan,
UniversityPark,Pennsylvania,USA
Roorkee,India
R.E.Smith H.S.Wheater
USDAAgriculturalResearchService, DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
FortCollins,Colorado,USA ImperialCollege,
London,UK
S.Sorooshian
CenterforHydrometeorologyandRemoteSensing(CHRS),
D.A.Woolhiser
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
USDAAgriculturalResearchService,
UniversityofCalifornia,
FortCollins,Colorado,USA
Irvine,California,USA
C.L.Unkrich P.Young
USDAAgriculturalResearchService, CentreforResearchonEnvironmentalSystems&Statistics,
SouthwestWatershedResearchCenter, CRES/IEBS,
Tucson,Arizona,USA LancasterUniversity,Lancaster,UK
Preface
This book is the product of an international workshop sup- andcasestudies,isintendedtoprovideinsightandtoolstohelp
portedbyUNESCOandco-sponsorsundertheG-WADIinitiative. practitionersworld-wide.Thefocusoftheworkshopwasonthe
G-WADIisUNESCO’sGlobalNetworkforWaterandDevelop- modellingofsurfacewatersystems,andaspecialistworkshopon
ment Information for Arid Lands. It has the strategic objective groundwatermodellingisplannedfor2007.However,inresponse
of strengthening global capacity to manage water resources in to workshop requests, a chapter on groundwater modelling is
aridandsemi-aridareasandseekstoprovideaglobalforumfor includedinthisbookforcompleteness.
the exchange of experience, information, and tools. Its specific Thestructureofthebookisasfollows:
objectivesinclude: Chapter1providesareviewofsomeofthespecialhydrological
(cid:1) featuresofaridareasandanintroductiontomodellingconcepts,
improved understanding of the special characteristics of
andChapter2introducesnewdataproducts,focusingonsatellite-
hydrological systems and water management needs in arid
derivedestimatesofprecipitation.
areas;
(cid:1) Experience of hydrological modelling in southern Africa is
capacitybuildingofindividualsandinstitutions;
(cid:1) reportedinChapter3,andinAustraliainChapter4,togetherwith
broaddisseminationofunderstandingofwaterinaridzones
anintroductiontotheIHACRESsoftware.InChapter5theUSDA
totheusercommunityandthepublic;
(cid:1) KINEROSmodel–oneofthefewmodelsspecificallydesignedto
sharingdataandexchangingexperiencetosupportresearch
representarid-zoneprocesses–ispresented,initscurrentGISfor-
andsoundwatermanagement;
(cid:1) mat,withapplicationsfromthearidUnitedStates.InChapter6
raisingawarenessofadvancedtechnologiesfordataprovi-
ephemeral flow and sediment modelling is discussed, based on
sion,dataassimilation,andsystemanalysis;
(cid:1) Indianexperience.Chapter7introducestheUSGSModularMod-
promoting integrated basin management and the use of
elling System, which incorporates a varied suite of models and
appropriatedecisionsupporttools.
support systems, with applications to North Africa and China,
InformationonG-WADIproductsandanews-watchservicecan andinChapter8tool-boxesforstochasticanalysisarediscussed,
befoundontheG-WADIweb-site(www.g-wadi.org). together with the problem of model regionalization – i.e., the
Hydrological modelling is playing an increasingly important applicationofmodelstoungaugedcatchments.
roleinthemanagementofcatchmentswithrespecttofloods,water InChapters9and10thefocusisontheproblemofforecasting
resources,waterquality,andenvironmentalprotection.G-WADI floodsinrealtime.Thecurrentstate-of-theartoftime-seriesmod-
identifiedaparticulargapintheinformationavailabletosupport elsispresentedinChapter9,withanexamplefromasemi-arid
hydrological modelling for arid and semi-arid areas and hence Australiancatchment.InChapter10Indianfloodingproblemsare
designed an international workshop, bringing together some of reviewedandtheIndianfloodforecastingexperienceisreported,
the world’s leading specialists in data products, modelling and largely based on traditional methods, but rapidly being updated
arid-zonehydrology,toprovidestate-of-the-artmaterialtowork- with more modern modelling methods and communications
shopparticipantsfromaridregionsworld-wide,includingSouth technology.
America, the Middle East, North Africa, Southern Africa, Aus- IssuesofgroundwatermodellingareaddressedinChapter11,
tralia and, particularly, Asia, where the workshop was hosted. with examples drawn from India, and the book concludes with
Thisbookisaproductofthatworkshop,heldinRoorkee,Indiain asummaryofweb-siteaccesstodataproducts,modellingtools,
March2005,andthematerial,comprisingstate-of-the-artreviews andtutorials.
viii