Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater along the Tsunami Affected Coast between Sigli and Bireuen

131 Pages·2008·4.96 MB·English

by  Beate Jaskolowski

Institut für Geologie

Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater along the
Tsunami Affected Coast between Sigli and Bireuen,
Northern Sumatra, Indonesia

Diploma Thesis compiled by
Beate Jaskolowski
Matr.-no.: 2066246

First examiner: Prof. Dr. Jutta Winsemann
Second examiner: Dr. Georg Houben

October 2007 – March 2008
Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung

Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Diplomarbeit ohne unerlaubte fremde
Hilfe angefertigt habe, die wörtlich oder dem Inhalt nach aus fremden Arbeiten
entnommenen Stellen, Darstellungen und dergleichen als solche kenntlich gemacht
und mich dabei keiner anderen als der von mir angegebenen Hilfsmittel bedient
habe.

Hannover, den 31. März .2008 ____________________
Beate Jaskolowski
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Jutta Winsemann from the Leibniz-University Hannover for
giving me the possibility to commence this thesis. I want to thank my tutor Dr. Georg
Houben for his stimulating suggestions and his help during the past few months.

Abundant gratitude is due to Dr. Dieter Ploethner whose help, encouragement and
patience helped me all the time writing of this thesis.

Thanks are due to the BGR colleagues for their help, interest and valuable hints. I
thank Martin Blümel, Patrick Clos and Robert Kringel for IT and technical support.

Furthermore I want to thank Dus Ndoi D.B. Dharma and the colleagues of the
Indonesian field team for their help and support in field.

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to
complete this thesis and were not mentioned before.

At least I would like to give my special thanks to my parents, grandparents and my
sister which enabled me to complete my degree.
I
Table of contents

Table of contents
Table of contents........................................................................................................I
List of Figures...........................................................................................................III
List of Tables.......................................................................................................... VII
List of Appendices................................................................................................ VIII
Table of Abbreviations............................................................................................ IX
1 Introduction .........................................................................................................1
2 Physical geography of the study area...............................................................3
2.1 Population.....................................................................................................3
2.2 Physiography................................................................................................5
2.3 Climate..........................................................................................................6
3 Geology................................................................................................................8
3.1 Regional setting............................................................................................8
3.2 Lithology and structure..................................................................................8
3.2.1 Geology of the study area .......................................................................11
4 Hydrogeology....................................................................................................13
5 Methodology......................................................................................................15
5.1 General sampling procedure.......................................................................15
5.2 Analytical methods applied .........................................................................16
5.3 Software used.............................................................................................17
6 Results of 2005/2006 sampling campaigns.....................................................18
6.1 Temperature ...............................................................................................18
6.2 Specific electrical conductivity.....................................................................19
6.3 pH and dependent reactions.......................................................................22
6.3.1 pH............................................................................................................22
6.3.2 Carbonate equilibrium .............................................................................23
6.3.3 Hardness and carbonate saturation.........................................................26
6.4 Redox potential and dependent reactions...................................................32
6.4.1 Redox potential........................................................................................32
6.4.2 Oxygen....................................................................................................33
6.4.3 Nitrogen species......................................................................................34
6.4.4 Iron and manganese................................................................................37
6.4.5 Sulphate..................................................................................................39
Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater along the Tsunami Affected Coast between Sigli and Bireuen 03/2008
II
Table of contents

6.5 Dissolved salts............................................................................................42
6.5.1 Sodium and chloride................................................................................42
6.5.2 Potassium................................................................................................45
6.5.3 Borate......................................................................................................45
6.5.4 Phosphate...............................................................................................46
6.5.5 Fluoride ...................................................................................................47
6.5.6 Barium.....................................................................................................48
6.5.7 Bromide...................................................................................................50
6.5.8 Strontium.................................................................................................53
6.6 Metals and metalloids.................................................................................56
6.6.1 Aluminium................................................................................................56
6.6.2 Zinc..........................................................................................................57
6.6.3 Nickel.......................................................................................................58
6.6.4 Copper.....................................................................................................58
6.6.5 Arsenic ....................................................................................................59
6.6.6 Chromium................................................................................................60
7 Comparison of selected constituents in the GAA water samples taken in
2006 and 2007....................................................................................................62
7.1 Deep groundwater.......................................................................................62
7.1.1 Sodium....................................................................................................62
7.1.2 Chloride...................................................................................................63
7.1.3 Calcium ...................................................................................................64
7.1.4 Bicarbonate.............................................................................................65
7.1.5 Iron..........................................................................................................66
7.1.6 Manganese..............................................................................................67
7.1.7 Arsenic ....................................................................................................68
7.2 Shallow groundwater...................................................................................68
8 Water Types.......................................................................................................70
9 Discussion.........................................................................................................73
10 Summary............................................................................................................75
11 References ......................................................................................................77
12 Appendices......................................................................................................81
Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater along the Tsunami Affected Coast between Sigli and Bireuen 03/2008
III
List of Tables
List of Figures
Figure 1: Map of Northern Sumatra.............................................................................2
Figure 2 : The Aceh Province......................................................................................3
Figure 3: Fish ponds....................................................................................................4
Figure 4: Rice field ......................................................................................................4
Figure 5: Physiographical map of the Aceh Province..................................................6
Figure 6: Mean annual precipitation (rainfall)..............................................................7
Figure 7: Average long-term monthly rainfall...............................................................7
Figure 8: The neotectonic setting of Sumatra..............................................................8
Figure 9: Lithology of the Aceh Province.....................................................................9
Figure 10: Map of the tectonic features in Northern Sumatra....................................10
Figure 11: Borehole log of well at Desa Meuraxa......................................................12
Figure 12: Schematic view of a multilayered aquifer.................................................13
Figure 13: Resistivity section at the coast.................................................................13
Figure 12: Through-flow cell.......................................................................................16
Figure 13: Box-Whisker diagram of temperature.......................................................19
Figure 14: Box-Whisker diagrams of electrical conductivity ......................................20
Figure 17: Relationship of EC and sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate for deep
groundwater .............................................................................................21
Figure 18: Relationship of EC and sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate for shallow
groundwater. ............................................................................................22
Figure 17: Box-Whisker diagrams of pH....................................................................23
Figure 20: Box-Whisker diagrams of calcium concentration......................................24
Figure 21: Box-Whisker diagrams of magnesium concentration...............................25
Figure 22: Box-Whisker diagrams of calcium/magnesium ratios...............................26
Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater along the Tsunami Affected Coast between Sigli and Bireuen 03/2008
IV
List of Tables
Figure 23: Box-Whisker diagrams of calcium carbonate...........................................27
Figure 24: Pie chart of total hardness for deep groundwater.....................................28
Figure 25: Pie chart of total hardness for shallow groundwater.................................28
Figure 26: Box-Whisker diagrams of bicarbonate concentration...............................29
Figure 27: Relationship of the sum of calcium and magnesium concentration of deep
groundwater. ............................................................................................30
Figure 28: Relationship of the sum of calcium and magnesium concentration of
shallow groundwater.................................................................................30
Figure 29: Box-Whisker diagrams of the saturation index (SI) for calcite..................31
Figure 30: Box-Whisker diagrams of the saturation index (SI) for dolomite...............31
Figure 31: Redox zones in groundwater....................................................................32
Figure 32: Box-Whisker diagram of Eh (corr.)...........................................................33
Figure 33: Box-Whisker diagrams fo oxygen and oxygen saturation.........................34
Figure 34: Box-Whisker diagrams of ammonium concentration................................35
Figure 35: Box-Whisker diagrams of nitrate concentration........................................36
Figure 36: Box-Whisker diagrams of nitrite concentration.........................................37
Figure 37: Box-Whisker diagrams of iron concentration............................................38
Figure 38: Box-Whisker diagrams of manganese concentration...............................38
Figure 39: Head of drilled well...................................................................................39
Figure 40: Box-Whisker diagrams of sulphate concentration....................................40
Figure 41: Box-Whisker diagrams of the saturation index (SI) for gypsum................41
Figure 42: Box-Whisker diagrams of the saturation index (SI) for anhydrite .............41
Figure 43: Box-Whisker diagrams of sodium concentration......................................43
Figure 44: Box-Whisker diagrams of chloride concentration.....................................43
Figure 45: Relationship of molar sodium and chloride concentration........................44
Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater along the Tsunami Affected Coast between Sigli and Bireuen 03/2008
V
List of Tables
Figure 46: Relationship of molar sodium and chloride concentration........................44
Figure 47: Box-Whisker diagrams of potassium concentration..................................45
Figure 48: Box-Whisker diagrams of borate concentration........................................46
Figure 49: Box-Whisker diagrams of phosphate concentration.................................47
Figure 50: Box-Whisker diagrams of fluoride concentration......................................48
Figure 51: Box-Whisker diagrams of barium concentration.......................................49
Figure 52: Box-Whisker diagrams of the saturation indices (SI) for barite.................50
Figure 53: Box-Whisker diagrams of bromide concentration.....................................51
Figure 54: Relationship of molar bromide and chloride concentration.......................51
Figure 55: Relationship of molar bromide and chloride concentration.......................52
Figure 56: Box-Whisker diagrams of the chloride/bromide ratio................................53
Figure 57: Box-Whisker diagrams of strontium concentration...................................54
Figure 58: Box-Whisker diagrams of the saturation indices (SI) for strontianite........54
Figure 59: Relationship of calcium and strontium in deep groundwater....................55
Figure 60: Relationship of calcium and strontium in shallow groundwater................55
Figure 61: Box-Whisker diagrams of aluminium concentration..................................56
Figure 62: Box-Whisker diagrams of zinc concentration ...........................................57
Figure 63: Box-Whisker diagrams of nickel concentration.........................................58
Figure 64: Box-Whisker diagrams of copper concentration.......................................59
Figure 65: Box-Whisker diagrams of total arsenic concentration...............................60
Figure 66: Box-Whisker diagrams of chromium concentration..................................61
Figure 67: Comparison of sodium concentration.......................................................62
Figure 68: Comparison of chloride concentration in deep groundwater ....................63
Figure 69: Comparison of calcium concentration in deep groundwater.....................64
Figure 70: Comparison of bicarbonate concentration in deep groundwater..............65
Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater along the Tsunami Affected Coast between Sigli and Bireuen 03/2008
VI
List of Tables
Figure 71: Comparison of iron concentration in deep groundwater...........................66
Figure 72: Comparison of manganese concentration in deep groundwater..............67
Figure 73: Comparison of arsenic concentration in deep groundwater.....................68
Figure 74: Schoeller diagram of comparison of two dug wells...................................69
Figure 75: PIPER diagram of deep groundwater samples of 2005/2006...................71
Figure 76: PIPER diagram of shallow groundwater samples of 2005/2006...............71
Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater along the Tsunami Affected Coast between Sigli and Bireuen 03/2008
VII
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1: Values for EC and TDS...............................................................................19
Table 2: Rating and ranges of total hardness............................................................27
Table 3: Selected chemical results of two dug wells. ................................................69

Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater along the Tsunami Affected Coast between Sigli and Bireuen 03/2008