Hydrogen in Automotive Engineering: Production, Storage, Application

321 Pages·2022·14.253 MB·English

by  Manfred Klell, Helmut Eichlseder, Alexander Trattner

Manfred Klell · Helmut Eichlseder ·
Alexander Trattner
Hydrogen in
Automotive
Engineering
Production, Storage, Application
Hydrogen in Automotive Engineering
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Manfred Klell Helmut Eichlseder
Alexander Trattner
Hydrogen in Automotive
Engineering
Production, Storage, Application
ManfredKlell(emeritus) HelmutEichlseder
Graz,Austria IVT
TUGraz
Graz,Steiermark,Austria
AlexanderTrattner
HyCentAResearchGmbH
ITNAofGrazUniversityofTechnology
Graz,Styria,Austria
ISBN978-3-658-35060-4 ISBN978-3-658-35061-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35061-1
ThisbookisatranslationoftheoriginalGermanedition„WasserstoffinderFahrzeugtechnik“byKlell,Manfred,
publishedbySpringerFachmedienWiesbadenGmbHin2018.Thetranslationwasdonewiththehelpofartificial
intelligence(machinetranslationbytheserviceDeepL.com).Asubsequenthumanrevisionwasdoneprimarilyin
termsofcontent,sothatthebookwillreadstylisticallydifferentlyfromaconventionaltranslation.SpringerNature
workscontinuouslytofurtherthedevelopmentoftoolsfortheproductionofbooksandontherelatedtechnologies
tosupporttheauthors.
#SpringerFachmedienWiesbadenGmbH,partofSpringerNature2023
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Preface
We are very pleased that after the first edition in 2008, the fourth updated and extended
editionofthisbookisnowavailable.Thisshows,ontheonehand,thecontinuinginterest
in the topic of hydrogen and, on the other hand, the success of the book’s concept of
providingascomprehensiveanoverviewaspossibleofthetopicandofgoingintodetailon
currentdevelopments,especiallyinvehicletechnology.Thecontentofthebookhasbeen
updatedinallsections;especiallythetopic“Applicationofhydrogeninfuelcells”hasbeen
extendedanddeepened.
In view of increasing environmental pollution and globally rising energy demand, the
use of hydrogen as a pollutant-free alternative to fossil fuels is an obvious option. In
particular,approachestomitigatingclimatechangehavegivennewimpetustothevisionof
decarburizationthroughtheenergyrevolutionandthehydrogeneconomy.
TheInstituteforInternalCombustionEnginesandThermodynamicsatGrazUniversity
ofTechnologyhasmanyyearsofexperienceintheoptimizationofcombustionprocesses
withhydrogenininternalcombustionengines.Inthecourseofsettingupthenecessarytest
benchinfrastructure,questionsofmaterialselection,safetyequipment,gassupply,etc.had
tobesolved.IncooperationwiththecompaniesMAGNAandOMV,thecommoninterests
gave rise to the idea of setting up a research institute dedicated to the topic of hydrogen.
This was supported by several partners from science and industry, and the initiative was
strongly supported by the public sector. Thus, in 2005, HyCentA, Hydrogen Center
Austria,thefirstAustrianhydrogenresearchanddispensaryfacilityoperatedbyHyCentA
ResearchGmbH,wasestablishedonthepremisesofGrazUniversityofTechnology.
In order to incorporate the experience gained in research and testing activities into
teaching,alecturededicatedtohydrogenwasofferedforthefirsttimeatGrazUniversityof
Technology in 2007. In the course of preparing the study documents, the impulse was
giventopublishtheminboundform.Thistextbookistobeunderstoodinthiscontextwith
a focus on the applied thermodynamics of hydrogen and its application in fuel cells and
internalcombustionengines.Inordertoprovideabroaderoverviewofhydrogen,sections
on hydrogen production, storage and distribution, standardization, law, and safety have
beenincludedinadditiontointroductoryandhistoricalcomments.
v
vi Preface
Thebookwasrealizedwiththehelpofnumerousexpertswhohavereadandcorrected
sectionsofthetextorcontributedwithsuggestionstoenrichitscontent.Wewouldliketo
take this opportunity to thank all of them, especially the staff of the Institute of Internal
CombustionEnginesandThermodynamicsatGrazUniversityofTechnologyandthestaff
ofHyCentAResearchGmbH.
Wewouldliketothankthepublisherforthefriendly,efficient,andcompetentsupport.
For the present edition, Chapters 1 and 4 were written by Klell and Trattner, who has
recently joined the team of authors, Chapter 6 mainly by Trattner, Chapter 7 mainly by
Eichlseder,andtheothersbyKlell.
We hope that this fourth edition will also meet with such a good response from
interested parties and experts and that it will serve as a useful working aid for students
andengineersinpractice.
Many thanks to HyCentAand their shareholders for funding the translation of the 4th
German edition into English. Hopefully, this will enable us to reach further interested
parties, students and also engineers from practice, who can use this book as a working
guideandstimulusforthefurtherdevelopmentofhydrogentechnology.
ShareholdersofHyCentAResearchGmbH
Graz,Austria ManfredKlell
October2017 HelmutEichlseder
AlexanderTrattner
Symbols, Indices, and Abbreviations
LatinSymbols
a speedofsound[m/s];specificwork[J/kg];thermaldiffusivity[m2/s];cohesive
pressure[m6Pa/mol2]
A (cross-sectional)area[m2]
b covolume[m3/mol]
B calorificvalue(formerly:upperheatingvalue)[J/kg]
c specificheatcapacity(formerly:specificheat),c¼dq /dT[J/kgK],speedof
rev
light
c ,c specificheatcapacityatv¼const.orp¼const.[J/kgK]
v p
C constant(differentdimensions)
C molarheatcapacity(formerlyalso:molarheat)atv¼const.[J/kmolK]
mv
C molarheatcapacity(formerlyalso:molarheat)atp¼const.[J/kmolK]
mp
d relativedensity[m]
D diffusioncoefficient[cm2/s]
e specificenergy[J/kg];elementarycharge
e specificexternalenergy[J/kg]
a
E energy[J];exergy[J];energypotential,cellvoltage,electricalpotential[V]
E externalenergy[J]
a
E Nernstvoltage[V]
N
f,Δν frequency[s–1]
F Faradayconstant[As/mol],freeenergy[J]
g accelerationofgravity
g standardaccelerationofgravity
n
G freeenthalpy[J]
G molarfreeenthalpy[J/kmol]
m
G 0 molarfreeenthalpyatstandardpressurep0[J/kmol]
m
h specificenthalpy[J/kg];Planck'sconstant
H enthalpy[J]
vii
viii Symbols,Indices,andAbbreviations
H mixtureheatingvalue[MJ/m3]
G
H molarenthalpy[J/kmol]
m
H 0 molarenthalpyatstandardpressurep0[J/kmol]
m
H (gravimetric)heatingvalue(formerlylowerheatingvalue)[kJ/kg]
u(,gr)
H (volumetric)heatingvalue(formerlylowerheatingvalue)[kJ/dm3]
u(,vol)
Δ H standardenthalpyofformation[kJ/kmol]
B
Δ H enthalpyofreaction[kJ/kmol]
R
I current[A]
k turbulentkineticenergy[m2/s2]
K photometricradiationequivalent
cd
l length[m]
m mass[kg]or[kmol]
ṁ massflow[kg/s]
M molarmass[g/mol]
n amountofsubstance,numberofmoles[kmol];runningvariable[-]
N numberofparticles
N Avogadroconstant
A
p pressure,partialpressure[bar,Pa]
p0 standardpressure,p0¼1atm¼1,013bar/oftenalsop0¼1bar
p indicatedmeanpressure[bar]
i
P power[W,kW]
q specificheat[J/kg]
Q heat[J];electriccharge[C]
r specificheatofvaporization[J/kg];
R specificgasconstant[J/kgK];electricresistance[Ω]
R molargasconstant
m
s specificentropy[J/kgK]
S entropy[J/K]
t time[s],temperature[(cid:2)C]
T temperature[K]
T boilingtemperature
S
u specificinternalenergy[J/kg]
U internalenergy[J];voltage[V]
v specificvolume[m3/kg];velocity[m/s]
V volume[m3]
V molarvolume[m3/kmol]
m
w specificwork[J/kg];velocity[m/s]
W work[J]
W Wobbeindex[MJ/Nm3]
o
x coordinate[m];steamnumber[-]
y coordinate[m]
Symbols,Indices,andAbbreviations ix
z coordinate[m];chargenumber[-]
Z realgasfactor,compressibilityfactor[-]
GreekSymbols
α heattransfercoefficient[W/m2K]
β coefficientofthermalexpansion(1/K)
δ boundarylayerthickness[m]
ε compressionratio[-];dissipation[m2/s3]
η (dynamic)viscosity[Ns/m2¼kg/ms];efficiency[-]
η Carnotprocessefficiency[-]
C
η ,η effectiveefficiency,indicated(internal)efficiency[-]
e i
η qualitygrade[-]
g
η mechanicalefficiency[-]
m
ηs–i,K,ηs–i,T innerisentropicefficiencyofthecompressor,oftheturbine[-]
η thermodynamicefficiency[-]
th
η efficiencyoftheidealengine[-]
v
κ isentropicexponent[-]
λ thermalconductivity,thermalconductivitycoefficient[W/mK];wavelength
[m];(excess)airratio,airnumber[-]
μ flowcoefficient[-];overflowcoefficient[-];chemicalpotential[kJ/kmol]
μ massfractionofcomponenti[-]
i
μ Joule-Thomsoncoefficient[K/Pa]
JT
Δν,f frequency[s–1]
ν kinematicviscosity[m2/s];velocityfunction[-]
ν molarfractionofcomponenti[-]
i
ν stoichiometriccoefficientofcomponentA[-]
st_A
ρ density[kg/m3]
σ lockingcoefficient[-];(surface)stress[N/m2]
τ shearstress[N/m2];time[s]
φ crankangle[(cid:2) KW];velocitycoefficient[-];relativehumidity[-]
φ volumefractionofcomponenti[-]
i
ω angularvelocity[s–1]
ζ exergeticefficiency[-];losscoefficient[-]
ζ conversionratio[-]
u
Φ equivalenceratio(¼1/λ)[-]
Indices,Operators,andLabels
0 referenceorstandardstate
1 state(incrosssection,atpoint)1
x Symbols,Indices,andAbbreviations
2 state(incrosssection,atpoint)2
[P] concentrationofspeciesP[kmol/m3]
d completedifferential
δ incompletedifferential
Ə partialdifferential
Π product
Σ sum(total)
Δ differenceoftwoquantities;Laplaceoperator
´ state(incrosssection,atpoint)',1stderivative
˝ state(incrosssection,atpoint)',2ndderivative
(cid:3)
timederivative
Definednaturalconstant(exactvalue)
Δν radiationofthecesiumatom 9192631770 Hz
Cs
Hyperfinestructuretransitionofthegroundstateofthecesium-133atom
c speedoflight 299792458 m/s
h Planck’sconstant 6,62607015(cid:3)10-34 J(cid:3)s
e elementarycharge 1,602176634(cid:3)10-19 C
k Boltzmannconstant 1,380649(cid:3)10-23 J/K
B
N Avogadroconstant 6,02214076(cid:3)1023 mol(cid:4)1
A
K Photometricradiationequivalent 683 lm/W
cd
formonochromaticradiationoffrequency540THz(greenlight)
g standardaccelerationofgravity ¼9,80665 m/s2
n
https://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html
https://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/Table/allascii.txt
DerivedNaturalConstant(ApproximateValue)
F Faradayconstant¼e(cid:3)N ¼96485,33212... C/mol
A
R molargasconstant ¼8,314462618... J/(molK)
m
V molarvolumeoftheidealgas ¼22,71095464... m3/mol
m
(273,15K,100kPa)
V molarvolumeoftheidealgas ¼22,41396954... m3/mol
m
(273,15K,101.325kPa)
DecimalPrefixes
E exa(1018)
P peta(1015)
T tera(1012)
G giga(109)
M mega(106)