Hydrocarbon liquid transmission pipeline and storage systems design and operation

693 Pages·2012·19.59 MB·English

by  Mohitpour

Mohitpour
Yoon
Russell
Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline
and Storage Systems
D a H
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Design and Operation s d d
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M. Mohitpour, M.S. Yoon, J.H. Russell n o a
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A comprehensive professional reference book and training tool covering hydrocarbon p e
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liquid pipeline systems, including pipeline and appurtenances design, hydraulics r S
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design, pumping, and storage/terminal facilities designs, as well as operation and t y
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maintenance. Both high and low vapor pressure and batching systems are covered.
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This book provides aspects of steady state and dynamic hydraulics, mechanical d
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design and operational issues related to pipelines transporting liquid hydrocarbons T

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and petroleum products. In addition, liquid properties important to the design of a
long distance pipelines requiring multiple pump stations and storage facilities are n
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provided.
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Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission

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Pipeline and Storage Systems
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Design and Operation
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M. Mohitpour
M.S. Yoon
J.H. Russell
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016, USA
www.asme.org
Job Name:31114 Date:12-08-17 PDF Page:ASME_Liquid_Pipeline_cover_Final.p1.pdf
Color: Cyan Magenta Yellow Black
Hydrocarbon Liquid
Transmission PiPeLine
and sTorage sysTems –
design and oPeraTion
m. mohitpour
m.s. yoon
J.H. russell
© 2012, ASME, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under
the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
INforMAtIoN CoNtAINEd IN thIS work hAS bEEN obtAINEd bY
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bElIEvEd to bE rElIAblE. howEvEr, NEIthEr ASME Nor ItS
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mohitpour, Mo
hydrocarbon liquid transmission pipeline and storage systems : design and opera-
tion / M. Mohitpour, M.S. Yoon, J.h. russell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISbN 978-0-7918-6000-7 (alk. paper)
1. Petroleum pipelines–design and construction. 2. liquefied natural gas
p ipelines–design and construction. 3. Pipelines–design and construction. I. Yoon,
Mike II. russell, J. h. (James hooper), 1947- III. title.
tN879.53.M64 2012
665.5’44–dc23
2012016731
in memoriam
this book is dedicated to its primary author, dr. Mo Mohitpour, who passed away on
August 21, 2012. Mo devoted much of his career to the development of the educa-
tion of aspiring engineers in the field of pipeline engineering. As well as providing
technical direction to many pipeline corporations worldwide, Mo dedicated his time to
education. in his later years, Mo devoted many hours to continuing education courses
at the University of Calgary and throughout the world. he provided leadership in the
development of six highly regarded books published through ASME Press on pipeline
design and operation. Mo will always be remembered for his dedication to the profes-
sion and to his encouragement of others.
Mo was educated at the University of london where he achieved a Ph.d. in Me-
chanical Engineering. he maintained language skills in English, Spanish, Portuguese
and his native farsi. Mo was a fellow of the institute of Mechanical Engineers (Uk),
fellow of the Engineering institute of Canada, fellow of the American institute of
Mechanical Engineers as well as a PE in texas and a P.Eng. in Alberta and british
Columbia, Canada. his credentials transcended boundaries.
in addition to being a consummate professional, Mo was known for being jovial
and welcoming to all with whom he developed relationships. Mo will truly be missed
for his dedication to educating the next generation of professionals in the field of pipe-
line engineering. his colleagues and many friends will remember him forever.
Again, in his most gracious way, Mo provided the dedications on the following
page before he passed away.
DeDiCaTionS
this book is dedicated to the Pipeline industry whose prime objective has been, and
continues to be, transporting hydrocarbon energy efficiently but with utmost safety
and reliability. it is dedicated to the experts and professionals in the industry whose
breadth of expertise and continued effort has led to advancements that have been the
cornerstone of integrity and safety in pipeline energy transportation.
to our wives Carol, Julie, and fern whose patience, unyielding support, and love
allowed us to complete this book. they made us to wonder in our dreams to achieve
our aspiration. thANk YoU.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xvii
acknowledgments xix
accreditation xxi
Forewords xxii
metric conversion of some common units xxv
chapter 1 introduction to Hydrocarbon Liquid Pipelines 1
1.1 liquid hydrocarbon transportation System Scope 1
1.2 hydrocarbon liquid Pipelines 1
1.3 liquid Pipeline transportation Systems 3
1.4 types of transmission Pipelines 5
1.5 liquid Petroleum Pipeline Networks 5
1.6 Single versus Multiple Products Pipeline 11
1.6.1 refined Petroleum Products 11
1.7 liquid Pipeline development history/Chronology 12
1.7.1 historical overview 12
1.7.2 Codes, Standards and regulations (Addressing liquid
Pipeline design, Construction and operation) 15
1.7.3 Codes 15
1.7.4 regulations 16
1.8 Major Pipeline facilities layout 22
1.8.1 Pump Station 22
1.8.2 Metering/Measurement 22
1.8.3 valve and Manifolds 26
1.8.3.1 valves 26
1.8.3.2 Manifolds 27
1.9 general Pipeline operations 28
references 29
v
vi n Table of Contents
chapter 2 Hydrocarbon Liquid Properties 31
2.1 hydrocarbon liquids 31
2.2 hydrocarbon liquids Phase behavior 32
2.2.1 Phase diagram determination 34
2.3 Properties of Petroleum liquids 37
2.3.1 Mass, volume, and density 38
2.3.2 density and thermal Expansion 38
2.3.3 Compressibility, bulk Modulus, and thermal Expansion 38
2.3.3.1 Compressibility 38
2.3.3.2 bulk Modulus k 39
2.3.3.3 thermal Expansion 40
2.3.3.4 Calculating bulk Modulus for various fluids 41
2.3.3.5 other techniques for Calculating bulk Modulus 42
2.4 Specific gravity and API gravity 42
2.4.1 Specific gravities of blended Products 44
2.5 viscosity, Newtonian versus Non-Newtonian 45
2.5.1 viscosity and density relationship 48
2.5.2 viscosity of blended/diluted liquids 48
2.5.2.1 (A) New volume from Current volume,
Current Sg, and target Sg 48
2.5.2.2 (b) viscosity blending Calculation 48
2.5.3 hydrocarbon liquids blending and volume Shrinkage 49
2.5.4 viscosity determination 50
2.6 Pour Point and viscosity relationship 50
2.6.1 reasons for Pour Point determination 51
2.7 vapor Pressure 52
2.7.1 true vapor Pressure 52
2.8 flash Point 55
2.9 hydrocarbon liquid Specific heat Capacity 55
2.10 thermal Conductivity 56
2.11 Effect of hydrocarbon liquid Properties on Measurement Systems 57
2.11.1 (a) base Conditions 57
2.11.2 (b) Impact of Phase Change 57
2.11.3 Properties Important to Measurement Systems 57
2.11.4 factors Affecting Measurement Accuracy 58
references 59
chapter 3 system Hydraulics and design 63
3.1 fundamentals of liquid Pipeline hydraulics 63
3.1.1 Pipeline flow Equations 63
3.1.1.1 Continuity or Mass Conservation Equation 64
3.1.1.2 Momentum Equation 64
Table of Contents n vii
3.1.1.3 Energy Equation 67
3.1.1.4 Equation of State 68
3.1.2 Solution Methods 68
3.1.2.1 Method of Characteristics 69
3.1.2.2 Explicit Methods 69
3.1.2.3 Implicit Methods 69
3.1.3 Steady-State Solutions and design Equations 70
3.1.3.1 Solution of Continuity Equation and
volume Correction 71
3.1.3.2 Solution of Momentum Equation and Pressure
Profile Calculation 72
3.1.3.3 Solution of Energy Equation and temperature
Profile Calculation 75
3.2 design Process 83
3.2.1 Codes and Standards 83
3.2.2 design factors 84
3.2.2.1 Supply and demand 84
3.2.2.2 Pipeline route and Environmental Issues 85
3.2.2.3 operating Parameters 86
3.2.2.4 Pipe Parameters 89
3.2.2.5 Pumping Parameters 93
3.2.2.6 Economic factors 93
3.2.3 hydraulic design Procedure 96
3.3 liquid Pipeline design 98
3.3.1 Crude oil Pipeline System — Isothermal flow 99
3.3.2 Pipeline Configurations 104
3.3.2.1 Side Stream delivery 105
3.3.2.2 Side Stream Injection 108
3.3.2.3 Pipeline in Series 112
3.3.2.4 Pipelines in Parallel 114
3.3.3 Severe Elevation Change — Slack flow 115
3.3.4 Severe weather Conditions 119
3.3.4.1 Pipeline in a hot Environment 119
3.3.4.2 Pipeline in a Cold Environment 119
3.3.5 batch Pipeline hydraulics design 120
3.3.6 high vapor Pressure (hvP) Pipeline design 122
3.3.7 heavy Crude Pipeline hydraulic design 129
3.3.7.1 determine the Physical Properties under
Pipeline Conditions 130
3.3.7.2 determine the Pressure and temperature throughout
the Pipeline for the Anticipated flow rates 131
3.3.7.3 review the restart after Shutdown 132
3.3.7.4 design facilities 133
3.4 locating Pump Stations 136
viii n Table of Contents
Addenda to Chapter 3 144
A3.1 temperature Calculation 144
A3.2 Erosional velocity of fluid 148
A3.3 Minor Pressure losses 149
A3.4 Effect of Pressure and temperature on Pipe volume 154
references 157
chapter 4 Pumps and Pump stations 159
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Centrifugal Pumps 160
4.3 Centrifugal Pump types 161
4.3.1 End Suction Single Stage Pumps 161
4.3.2 vertical In-line Single Stage Pumps 161
4.3.3 horizontal Axially Split between-bearing Single-Stage Pumps 161
4.3.4 horizontal Axially Split between-bearing Multi-Stage Pumps 161
4.3.5 double–Case (Can) vertically Suspended volute Pumps 162
4.4 Pump Selection and Sizing 164
4.4.1 Pump Performance 164
4.4.1.1 Pump Performance Curves 165
4.4.2 Service Conditions 165
4.4.3 Net Positive Suction head (NPSh) 167
4.4.3.1 Net Positive Suction head required (NPShr) 167
4.4.3.2 Net Positive Suction head Available (NPShA) 168
4.4.4 Specific Speed 169
4.4.5 Suction Specific Speed 170
4.4.6 Pump Performance Curve Characteristics 171
4.4.7 Centrifugal Pump Power and Efficiency 172
4.4.8 Performance Modifications for varying Pipeline Applications 172
4.4.9 Cavitation 176
4.4.10 viscous hydrocarbon behavior in Pumps 180
4.4.11 temperature rise 181
4.4.12 Minimum flow 182
4.5 Pump Specification and Purchase 182
4.5.1 Pump data Sheets 182
4.6 retrofitting Centrifugal Pumps for Changing Service Conditions 183
4.6.1 reduced Pipeline throughput 183
4.6.2 Increased Pipeline throughput 183
4.6.3 Affinity laws 184
4.7 Pipeline hydraulic requirements 185
4.7.1 System head Curves and Pump operating Points 185
4.7.2 hydraulic Performance in batched Pipeline
Systems with Constant Speed Pumps 188
Table of Contents n ix
4.7.3 hydraulic Performance in batched Pipeline Systems
with variable Speed Pumps 189
4.7.4 Pump Configurations 190
4.7.4.1 Parallel operation 190
4.7.4.2 Series operation 192
4.8 Pump drivers 192
4.9 Pump Station design 195
4.9.1 Pump Station diagram 196
4.9.2 Pump Station Piping 196
4.9.3 Control valve and Sizing 197
4.9.4 Station flow recirculation 198
4.9.5 Pig launcher and receiver 199
4.9.6 Pump Station at a tank farm 200
4.9.7 Pump Station heater 201
4.10 Pipeline System Control 202
4.10.1 Pump Station operation 203
4.10.2 Pump Control Strategy 206
4.10.3 Station Control 207
4.10.3.1 Pump Station valve Control 207
4.10.4 Injection/delivery Station Control 208
4.10.5 Pump Unit Control 208
4.10.6 throttling vs. Speed Controls 209
4.10.6.1 throttling for fixed Speed Pumps 210
4.10.6.2 Speed Control for variable Speed Pumps 211
4.11 Station Electrical Control 213
4.11.1 Station Auxiliary Systems 213
4.11.2 Shutdown Modes 214
4.11.2.1 Emergency Shutdown System 214
4.12 Applicable Codes and Standards 215
references 215
chapter 5 Pipeline operation and batching 217
5.1 Pipeline operation 217
5.1.1 Pipeline System operation 217
5.1.2 Concepts of Pipeline transient flow 220
5.1.3 Surge Control 228
5.1.3.1 Control devices 230
5.1.3.2 Pump Unit and Pump Station operations 231
5.1.3.3 Special Surge relief devices 234
5.1.4 Example of Pipeline operation and Surge Control 236
5.1.4.1 Scheduled Pipeline System Start-Up 238
5.1.4.2 Scheduled Pipeline System Shutdown 240
5.1.4.3 Emergency Shutdown of the Pipeline System 242