Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissipators (Civil and Environmental Engineering)

673 Pages·2004·0.67 MB·English

by  Rajnikant M. Khatsuria

DK1222_half-series-title 9/15/04 1:13 PM Page 1
Hydraulics of
Spillways and
Energy Dissipators
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Civil and Environmental Engineering
A Series of Reference Books and Textbooks
Editor
Michael D. Meyer
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
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3. Multilayered Aquifer Systems: Fundamentals and Applications
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4. Matrix Analysis of Structural Dynamics: Applications
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5. Hazardous Gases Underground: Applications to Tunnel Engineering
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7. Fundamentals of Infrastructure Engineering: Civil Engineering Systems:
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8. Handbook of Pollution Control and Waste Minimization
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9. Introduction to Approximate Solution Techniques, Numerical Modeling,
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10.Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics
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Additional Volumes in Production
Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization: Third Edition,
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Estimating Building Costs
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Hydraulics of
Spillways and
Energy Dissipators
R. M. Khatsuria
Marcel Dekker New York
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To My Parents

Preface
Theneedforacomprehensivebookdealinginhydraulicsofspillwaysandenergy
dissipatorshasbeenrealizedsincelong.Varioustopicspertainingtothespillways
andenergydissipatorsareavailableinthesourcesdevotedmainlytothedesign
of dams, text books on hydraulics and open channel flow and handbooks of
hydraulics. However, advances in research and design, generally published
through papers presented at the specialty conferences and journals, are seldom
disseminated wide enough for application ona general scale. Consequently, the
riftbetweentheadvancementsinknowledgeanditsformaldocumentationinthe
books and treatise grows wider. Of the many examples illustrating this lag, a
typical one isthe aerator on spillways to mitigatecavitation damage. Although,
the beneficial effects of aeration were known in the early fifties, considerable
research had been pursued, to understand hydraulics of the phenomenon, from
the sixties and aeration devices were installed on the existing structures in the
lateseventies,itwasnotuntiltheeightiesthataerationdevicesbecameanintegral
part of spillway design. It is noteworthy that no book on spillways published
until the late eighties included the topic of aeration, and reference sources re-
mained scattered in journals and proceedings.
Thispracticeoflagcontinues,asseveraltopicsofvitalsignificancehavenot
beenembodiedcomprehensivelyandcoherentlyintoanyofthebookliterature.A
fewtomentioninclude:spillwayconstructionstages,spillwaysservingdualpur-
poseoffloodaswellassedimentdisposal,overtoppingprotectionofearthdams
used as spillways, prediction of and protection against detrimental forces such
asuplift,cavitation,scouretc.Itisobviousthatsuchabookwouldbetheeasiest
wayforareadertoaccesstheinformationonthelatestdevelopmentsinthefield.
The present book is the outcome of such an attempt.
The book has been organized into four sections dealing with spillways,
energydissipators,cavitationandairentrainment,andhydraulicmodeling.Em-
phasishasbeenondiscussingfirstthehydraulicsofdifferenttypesofspillways
andenergydissipatorsandtoillustrateitsapplicationtopracticaldesignproblems.
To this end, illustrative examples have been included at appropriate places.
v
vi Preface
The first two chapters in section I introduce the topic and broad design
philosophy. The chapter on spillway design flood defines two distinct aspects:
the estimation, which is hydrologist’s regime and the selection, which is the
responsibilityofthedesigner.Subsequentchaptershavebeendevotedtodiscus-
sion on hydraulics and general design features of different types of spillways
such as ogee, chute and side channel, stepped, siphon, shaft, tunnel, labyrinth
and duck bill, free jet and fuse plug etc. Special features such as spillways for
flood and sediment disposal, inflatable rubber weirs and overtopping protection
ofdamsusedasspillwayshavealsobeenincluded.Separatechaptersonspillway
crest gates and spillway construction stages have been written.
Discussions on the three most common types of energy dissipators for
spillways, viz. hydraulic jump stilling basins, trajectory buckets and submerged
roller buckets in section II, have been quite elaborate, obviously in view of the
largeamountofinformationpublishedduringrecentyears.Energydissipatorsfor
shaftandtunnelspillwayswarrantaspecialchapterinviewofpeculiarhydraulic
conditionsattheoutfalls.Separatechaptershavebeendevotedtothediscussion
ofimpacttypeenergydissipatorsandsomeunconventionalorspecialdesignsof
energy dissipators.
SectionIIIincludeschaptersonthetopicsofcavitationandairentrainment
and aerators concerning the design of spillways and energy dissipators.
Hydraulic modeling of spillways and energy dissipators has been covered
insectionIV.Noattempthasbeenmadetodiscussthetheoryofsimilitudeand
hydraulic models, found in many books. On the other hand, emphasis has been
placedontopicsofscaleeffect;dynamicflowmeasurementandaspectsofanaly-
sisandinterpretationofmodelresults.Itishopedthatthiswillbeuseful,tonot
onlyresearchengineers,butalsotothedesignersandpracticingengineersdirect-
ing the model studies.
Inthefieldoftechnology,acontinuousstreamofdevelopmentandimprove-
mentaddstotheknowledge.Therefore,nothingcanbeclaimedasexhaustiveor
final. Similarly, it is equally difficult to decide what is old or obsolete. The
difficulttaskwasthereforetoevaluateeverypieceofinformationfromthestand-
pointofpracticalutility,beitfortheresearcher,designer,practicingengineeror
student.Whilethisbookisnotintendedtobeatextbooktocatertoanyspecific
curriculum,norahandbook,itisexpectedtoserveasacomprehensivereference
source for all concerned. It is hoped that the reader will be able to obtain an
extensiveexposureofthetopic,beyondwhichthereferenceslistedattheendof
the chapters will be useful for locating additional details.
Experiencegainedduringmyassociation,ofnearlyfourdecades,withthe
CentralWaterandPowerResearchStation,Pune—aninstitutionofinternational
reputationanddiscussionswithseveralexpertsinthefieldoftheirownspecialist
knowledge,havegreatlycontributedtowritingofthebook.Thanksarealsodue
to friends and colleagues for their help and encouragement which lent a strong
Preface vii
impetus toward the completion of this book. My wife Kala, daughters Pallavi,
Reshma,andson-in-lawPraveenextendedsupportthroughoutthewritingofthe
book.
I have pleasure in placing on record, my appreciation for the excellent
coordinationbyMr.B.J.Clark,ExecutiveAcquisitionsEditor,Mr.E.F.Stannard,
SeniorProductionEditorandMs.KerryDoyle,Director,BookEditorial,Marcel
Dekker, Inc. at various stages of publication of the book.
Feedbackfromthereadersinrespectofanyomissionorerrorasalsotheir
comments and suggestions to improve upon the contents of the book, shall be
gratefully appreciated.
R. M. Khatsuria
5/4, Krutarth Society
Behind Sharda Bank
Off: Satara Road,
PUNE - 411 037, INDIA
Email - [email protected]