Table Of ContentHybrid Power
Generation, Storage, and Grids
CRC PRESS Series on
Sustainable Energy Strategies
by Yatish T. Shah
Hybrid Power: Generation, Storage, and Grids
Modular Systems for Energy Usage Management
Modular Systems for Energy and Fuel Recovery and Conversion
Thermal Energy: Sources, Recovery and Applications
Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas
Other related books by Yatish T. Shah:
Energy and Fuel Systems Integration
Water for Energy and Fuel Production
Biofuels and Bioenergy: Processes and Technologies
Hybrid Power
Generation, Storage, and Grids
Yatish T. Shah
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Shah, Yatish T., author.
Title: Hybrid power : generation, storage, and grids / Yatish T. Shah.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. | Series: Sustainable energy
strategies | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary:
“Hybrid energy systems integrate multiple sources of power generation,
storage, and transport mechanisms and can facilitate increased usage of
cleaner, renewable, and more effcient energy sources. This book
discusses hybrid energy systems from fundamentals through applications
and discusses generation, storage, and grids. The book will be of
interest to advanced students and researchers in academia, government,
and industry seeking a comprehensive overview of the basics,
technologies, and applications of hybrid energy systems”-- Provided by
publisher.
Identifers: LCCN 2020043335 (print) | LCCN 2020043336 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367678401 (hbk) | ISBN 9781003133094 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Hybrid power systems.
Classifcation: LCC TK1041 .S45 2021 (print) | LCC TK1041 (ebook) | DDC
621.31/2--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020043335
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020043336
ISBN: 978-0-367-67840-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-13309-4 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
This book is dedicated to my wife Mary
v
Contents
Series Preface ...........................................................................................................xv
Preface.....................................................................................................................xix
Author Biography ................................................................................................. xxiii
Chapter 1 Basics of Hybrid Power ........................................................................1
1.1 Introduction—Chronological Evolution of Energy Industry ....1
1.1.1 Use of Energy and Its Global Consumption .................2
1.2 Sources of Energy and Their Limitations .................................5
1.3 Criteria for Sustainable Source of Energy ............................... 15
1.4 Future Trends in Energy Industry ........................................... 19
1.5 What Is Hybrid Energy System ...............................................22
1.6 Energy Sustainability and Hybrid Energy Systems ................24
1.6.1 Challenges with Hybrid Renewable Energy
Systems .......................................................................27
1.6.2 Elements of Hybrid Energy (Power) System ..............27
1.6.3 Development of Renewables in Hybrid Energy
Grid System ................................................................29
1.7 Design and Implementation Issues for Hybrid Renewable
Energy System (HRES) ........................................................... 31
1.8 Hybrid Energy Storage ............................................................ 35
1.8.1 Need for Hybrid Energy Storage ................................37
1.9 Hybrid Grid Transport .............................................................39
1.9.1 Components of Hybrid Grid System .......................... 41
1.10 Organization of the Book ........................................................49
References ..........................................................................................50
Chapter 2 Utility Grid with Hybrid Energy System ........................................... 53
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 53
2.2 Hybrid Smart Grid ...................................................................54
2.2.1 Features of the Smart Grid .........................................58
2.2.2 Technology .................................................................62
2.2.3 Economics ..................................................................64
2.2.4 Concerns and Challenges ...........................................65
2.2.5 Why Hybrid Smart Grid? ...........................................68
2.3 Hybrid Energy Systems for Fossil Fuel-based Power
Generation ...............................................................................68
2.3.1 Hybrid Energy System Created by Conversion of
Waste Heat to Power by Thermoelectricity ................69
2.3.2 Hybrid Energy System Created by Conversion of
CO to Power or Fuel .................................................78
2
vii
viii Contents
2.3.2.1 Exxon-Mobil- Fuel Cell Energy
Partnership ..................................................78
2.3.2.2 MCFC Trigeneration Plant .........................82
2.3.2.3 CO to Fuel and Value-added Products ......83
2
2.4 Coal-Based Hybrid Power Plants ............................................85
2.4.1 Cofring of Coal and Natural Gas ..............................85
2.4.2 Coal–Solar Hybrid Power Plant .................................90
2.5 Hybrid Energy System for Grid-connected Nuclear-
Based Power Plant ...................................................................95
2.6 Drivers, Benefts, Issues, and Strategies to Increase
Contribution of HRES in the Grid ..........................................99
2.7 Role of HRES in Grid-connected Buildings and Vehicles.... 103
2.7.1 Home-Based Solar Electricity Connected to the
Grid .......................................................................... 106
2.8 Role of Battery Storage for Increasing Level of HRES in
the Grid .................................................................................. 109
2.8.1 Market Considerations ............................................. 119
2.8.2 Regulatory Framework ............................................. 122
2.8.3 Federal and State Incentives ..................................... 123
2.8.4 Successful Case Studies ........................................... 123
2.8.5 Important Takeaways for Battery Storage and
Battery Hybrids ........................................................ 126
2.8.6 Additional Perspectives on the Role of Storage
for HRES in the Grid ............................................... 128
2.9 Management and Control Issues of HRES in the Grid ......... 130
2.9.1 Weather-Dependent Variability of Renewable
Resources ................................................................. 130
2.9.2 Power Generation Forecasts ..................................... 131
2.9.3 Nature of Control ..................................................... 134
2.9.4 Power Quality Issues ................................................ 135
2.9.5 Long-Distance Transmission .................................... 136
2.10 Additional Factors Infuencing HRES in the Grid ................137
2.10.1 Roles of Distributed Energy Resources and MG
for HRES in the Grid ............................................... 137
2.10.2 Regulatory, Project Finance, and Technical
Perspective ................................................................ 138
2.10.3 Role of Planning .......................................................139
2.10.4 Role of HRES in Developing Indian Grid ............... 140
2.10.5 Closing Thoughts for HRES in Grid ........................ 141
References ........................................................................................ 142
Chapter 3 Hybrid Power for Mobile Systems ................................................... 153
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 153
3.2 Types of Hybrid Vehicles ...................................................... 155
Contents ix
3.3 Types of Hybrid Renewable Solar Vehicles ........................... 159
3.4 Battery Electric Vehicles ....................................................... 163
3.4.1 Continuously Outboard Recharged Electric
Vehicle (COREV) ..................................................... 164
3.4.2 Development of Battery Technology ........................ 165
3.4.3 Development of Battery Capacity and Charging
Infrastructure ............................................................ 168
3.5 Types of Hybrid Systems ....................................................... 168
3.6 Degree of Hybridization ........................................................ 178
3.7 Power Electronics of Hybrid Vehicles ................................... 181
3.7.1 Hybrid Power Train Systems ....................................184
3.7.2 Architecture of HEV ................................................ 189
3.7.3 Economics and Market for Power Electronics ......... 195
3.8 Types of Electrical Machines (Motors) ................................. 197
3.9 Economics and Market for Hybrid Cars ................................ 201
3.10 Fuel Consumption and Environmental Impact of Hybrid
Cars ........................................................................................205
References ........................................................................................ 210
Chapter 4 Hybrid Energy Storage ..................................................................... 217
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 217
4.2 Energy Storage Technologies ................................................ 219
4.2.1 Comparison of Energy Storage Devices ..................222
4.3 Energy Storage, Power Converters, and Storage Controller. .226
4.3.1 Energy Storage Array ...............................................226
4.3.2 Power Converters .....................................................227
4.3.3 System Control .........................................................230
4.4 Performance Matrix for Energy Storage for HRES ..............230
4.5 Motivation, Basic Features, and Principles of HESS ............239
4.6 Hybridization Criterion and Options for Hybrid Energy
Storage ................................................................................... 241
4.6.1 Options for Hybrid Energy Storage ..........................243
4.7 Hybridization Architectures ..................................................256
4.8 Energy Management and Control of HESS ..........................259
4.9 HESS Optimization ...............................................................262
4.9.1 Design-time Optimization ........................................263
4.9.2 Design Optimization of a Residential HESS ...........264
4.9.3 Runtime Optimization ..............................................265
4.9.4 Joint Optimization with Power Input and Output ....266
4.10 HESS for EV, Microgrid, and Off-grid Applications ............ 267
4.10.1 HESS for Electric Vehicle Applications .................. 267
4.10.2 HESS for Microgrid Applications ............................ 271
4.10.2.1 Renewable System Intermittence
Improvement ............................................. 272
