Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells: Characteristics and Operation

606 Pages·2021·17.376 MB·English

by  Hiroyuki Fujiwara (editor)

HybridPerovskiteSolarCells

Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
Characteristics and Operation
Edited by
Hiroyuki Fujiwara
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Preface xv
AbouttheEditor xix
1 Introduction 1
HiroyukiFujiwara
1.1 HybridPerovskiteSolarCells 1
1.2 UniqueNaturesofHybridPerovskites 4
1.2.1 NotableCharacteristicsofHybridPerovskites 5
1.2.2 FundamentalPropertiesofMAPbI 8
3
1.2.3 WhyHybridPerovskiteSolarCellsShowHighEfficiency? 11
1.3 AdvantagesofHybridPerovskiteSolarCells 12
1.3.1 BandGapTunability 12
1.3.2 HighV 13
oc
1.3.3 LowTemperatureCoefficient 16
1.4 ChallengesforHybridPerovskites 16
1.4.1 RequirementofImprovedStability 17
1.4.2 Large-AreaSolarCells 19
1.4.3 ToxicityofPbandSnCompounds 20
1.5 OverviewofthisBook 22
Acknowledgment 23
References 23
2 OverviewofHybridPerovskiteSolarCells 29
TsutomuMiyasakaandAjayK.Jena
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 HistoricalBackgroundsofHalidePerovskitePhotovoltaics 32
2.3 SemiconductorPropertiesofOrganoLeadHalidePerovskites 34
2.4 WorkingPrincipleofPerovskitePhotovoltaics 37
2.5 CompositionalDesignoftheHalidePerovskiteAbsorbers 40
2.6 StrategyforStabilizingPerovskiteSolarCells 41
2.7 AllInorganicandLead-FreePerovskites 48
vi Contents
2.8 DevelopmentofHigh-EfficiencyTandemSolarCells 52
2.9 ConclusionandPerspectives 54
References 55
PartI CharacteristicsofHybridPerovskites 65
3 CrystalStructures 67
MitsutoshiNishiwaki,TatsuyaNarikuri,andHiroyukiFujiwara
3.1 WhatIsHybridPerovskite? 67
3.2 StructuresofHybridPerovskiteCrystals 68
3.2.1 CrystalStructureofMAPbI 68
3
3.2.2 LatticeParametersofHybridPerovskites 71
3.2.3 SecondaryPhaseMaterials 75
3.3 ToleranceFactor 77
3.3.1 ToleranceFactorofHybridPerovskites 79
3.3.2 ToleranceFactorofMixed-CationPerovskites 82
3.4 PhaseChangebyTemperature 84
3.5 RefinedStructuresofHybridPerovskites 86
3.5.1 OrientationofCenterCations 86
3.5.2 RelaxationofCenterCations 88
Acknowledgment 89
References 89
4 OpticalProperties 91
HiroyukiFujiwara,YukinoriNishigaki,AkioMatsushita,andTaisukeMatsui
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 LightAbsorptioninMAPbI 93
3
4.2.1 Visible/UVRegion 96
4.2.2 IRRegion 98
4.2.3 THzRegion 99
4.3 BandGapofHybridPerovskites 101
4.3.1 BandGapAnalysisofMAPbI 101
3
4.3.2 BandGapofBasicPerovskites 103
4.3.3 BandGapVariationinPerovskiteAlloys 105
4.4 TrueAbsorptionCoefficientofMAPbI 106
3
4.4.1 PrinciplesofOpticalMeasurements 107
4.4.2 InterpretationofαVariation 108
4.5 UniversalRulesforHybridPerovskiteOpticalProperties 111
4.5.1 VariationwithCenterCation 111
4.5.2 VariationwithHalideAnion 112
4.6 SubgapAbsorptionCharacteristics 114
4.7 TemperatureEffectonAbsorptionProperties 116
4.8 ExcitonicPropertiesofHybridPerovskites 117
References 119
Contents vii
5 PhysicalPropertiesDeterminedbyDensityFunctional
Theory 123
HiroyukiFujiwara,MitsutoshiNishiwaki,andYukinoriNishigaki
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 WhatIsDFT? 124
5.2.1 BasicPrinciples 124
5.2.2 AssumptionsandLimitations 126
5.3 CrystalStructuresDeterminedbyDFT 128
5.3.1 HybridPerovskiteStructures 128
5.3.2 Organic-CenterCations 131
5.4 BandStructures 132
5.4.1 BandStructuresofHybridPerovskites 132
5.4.2 Direct–IndirectIssueofHybridPerovskite 134
5.4.3 DensityofStates 139
5.4.4 EffectiveMass 140
5.5 BandGap 141
5.5.1 WhatDeterminesBandGap? 142
5.5.2 EffectofCenterCation 143
5.5.3 EffectofHalideAnion 143
5.6 DefectPhysics 144
Acknowledgment 147
References 147
6 CarrierTransportProperties 151
HiroyukiFujiwaraandYoshitsuneKato
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 CarrierPropertiesofHybridPerovskites 153
6.2.1 Self-DopinginHybridPerovskites 153
6.2.2 EffectofCarrierConcentrationonMobility 155
6.3 CarrierMobilityofMAPbI 155
3
6.3.1 VariationofMobilitywithCharacterizationMethod 156
6.3.2 TemperatureDependence 159
6.3.3 EffectofEffectiveMass 160
6.3.4 WhatDeterminesMaximumMobilityofMAPbI ? 161
3
6.4 DiffusionLength 164
6.5 CarrierTransportinVariousHybridPerovskites 166
References 168
7 FerroelectricProperties 173
TobiasLeonhard,HolgerRöhm,AlexanderD.Schulz,andAlexander
Colsmann
7.1 OntheImportanceofFerroelectricityinHybridPerovskiteSolar
Cells 173
7.2 Ferroelectricity 174
7.2.1 CrystallographicConsiderations 174
viii Contents
7.2.2 FerroelectricityinThinFilms 178
7.2.3 CrystallographyofMAPbI ThinFilms 178
3
7.3 ProbingFerroelectricityontheMicroscale 179
7.3.1 AtomicForceMicroscopy 179
7.3.2 PiezoresponseForceMicroscopy 180
7.3.3 CharacterizationofMAPbI ThinFilmswithsf-PFM 183
3
7.3.4 CorrelativeDomainCharacterization 188
7.3.4.1 TransmissionElectronMicroscopy 188
7.3.4.2 X-rayDiffraction 189
7.3.4.3 ElectronBackscatterDiffraction 189
7.3.4.4 KelvinProbeForceMicroscopy 191
7.3.5 PolarizationOrientation 191
7.3.6 FerroelasticEffectsinMAPbI ThinFilms 193
3
7.4 FerroelectricPolingofMAPbI 195
3
7.4.1 ACPolingofMAPbI 196
3
7.4.2 CreepingPolingandSwitchingEventsontheMicroscopicScale 197
7.4.3 MacroscopicEffectsofPoling 200
7.5 ImpactofFerroelectricityonthePerformanceofSolarCells 201
7.5.1 PitfallsDuringSampleMeasurements 201
7.5.2 ChargeCarrierDynamicsinSolarCells 203
References 203
8 PhotoluminescenceProperties 207
YasuhiroYamadaandYoshihikoKanemitsu
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 OverviewofLuminescentProperties 208
8.3 Room-TemperaturePLSpectraofaHybridPerovskiteThinFilm 209
8.4 Time-ResolvedPLofaHybridPerovskite 213
8.5 PLQuantumEfficiency 218
8.6 Temperature-DependentPL 220
8.7 MaterialandDeviceCharacterizationbyPLSpectroscopy 222
8.7.1 DegradationandHealingofHybridPerovskites 222
8.7.2 ChargeTransferMechanisminPerovskiteSolarCell 223
8.8 Conclusion 224
Acknowledgment 225
References 225
9 RoleofGrainBoundaries 229
JaeSungYun
9.1 Introduction 229
9.2 RoleofGrainBoundariesinDevicePerformance 230
9.2.1 PotentialBarrieratGBsandChargeTransport 231
9.2.2 EngineeringofGBProperties 234
9.3 IonMigrationThroughGrainBoundaries 241
9.3.1 EnhancedIonTransportatGrainBoundaries 241