Table Of ContentG
N
A
L
R
E
T
E
P
This book dissiminates a selected collection of research texts
F
from the Congress Hybrid Identities, held in 2011 in the Institu- L
te for Research into Identities and Society (University of Llei- O
da, Catalonia, Spain). Outstanding researchers from Social C
and Humanities fi elds adapted the hybridization of society E
such as a new perspective in order to study and understand L
the evolution of conviviality from the Middle Ages to current S
days throughout a comparative space and time. Taking the A
concept from the anthropology, the hybridization became a B
new approach for social studies and Humanities. Hybridization A
offers a historical perspective in order to renew perspectives T
É
for study different societies during all historical periods since
Middle Ages to current days. At the same time, hybridization (
e
appears as a tool for analysing social realities in the different d
continents of the word. In any case, it is a new way in order to .
)
understand how the societies reaches its respective cohesions
H
throughout mixted identities.
Y FLOCEL SABATÉ (ed.)
B
R
I HYBRID
D
I
D
E IDENTITIES
FLOCEL SABATÉ is professor in Medieval History and head of N
Institute for Research into Identities and Society (University of T
I
Lleida, Catalonia, Spain). He led international research projects T
I
from European institutions; participate in scientifi c boards in re- E
S
search centres in Europe and America, belong to different boards
for scientifi c journals and series and has written many research
works.
ISBN 978-3-0343-1471-8
VOL Identities. An interdisciplinary approach to the roots of present
Identités. Une approche interdisciplinaire aux racines du présent
2
www.peterlang.com Identidades. Una aproximación interdisciplinar a las raíces del presente
HYBRID IDENTITIES
Identities. An interdisciplinary approach to the roots of present
Identités. Une approche interdisciplinaire aux racines du présent
Identidades. Una aproximación interdisciplinar a las raíces del presente
Vol. 2
Editorial Board:
– Flocel Sabaté (Editor)
(Institut for Research into Identities and Society, Universitat de Lleida)
– Paul Aubert
(Aix Marselle Université)
– Patrick Geary
(University of California, Los Angeles)
– Susan Reisz
(Pontifi cia Universidad Católica del Perú)
– Maria Saur
(London University)
PETER LANG
Bern · Berlin · Bruxelles · Frankfurt am Main · New York · Oxford · Wien
FLOCEL SABATÉ (ed.)
HYBRID
IDENTITIES
PETER LANG
Bern · Berlin · Bruxelles · Frankfurt am Main · New York · Oxford · Wien
Bibliographic information published by die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book
is available from The British Library, Great Britain
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for
this book is available
Institute for Research into Identities and Society. University of Lleida
ISBN 978-3-0343-1471-8 pb. ISBN 978-3-0351-0704-3 eBook
ISSN 2296-3537 pb. ISSN 2296-3545 eBook
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Contents
Flocel Sabaté
Hybrid Identities ........................................ 7
Josep Fontana
Histories and Identities ................................... 15
Andrew Vincent
The Lineage of Hybrid Identity ............................ 29
Christiane Stallaert
Hybridization, Transculturation, and Translation.
Europe through the Lens of Latin America .................... 39
Adeline Rucquoi
Hybrid Identities: the Case of Medieval Spain ................. 55
Gerhard Jaritz
Outer Appearance and the Construction of Identities ............ 83
Anna Maria Oliva
Quivi hanno refugio tutte le nationi come commune domicilio
del mondo (Here all the Nations have Refuge as Shared
Home of the World). The Cosmopolitan Identity of Rome
between the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries ................. 99
Maria Eugenia Cadeddu
Plurilingualism and Identity in Sardinia (XVI–XVII centuries):
Some Thoughts ......................................... 119
Agustí Alcoberro
Identities in Exile from the War of the Spanish
Succession (1713–1747): Some Notes ....................... 127
Martine Reid
Hybridité ou les femmes en littérature ....................... 135
6 Contents
Daniel Compère
Hybrides et Surgeons : Naissance des Genres Populaires ........ 149
Ndèye Anna Gaye Fall
The Rule of Osha in Cuba. A Hybrid Identity? ................ 171
Joan J. Pujadas
Hybrid Identities in Contexts of Minorisation of Citizens:
Thinking about the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America ........ 183
Fulvia Caruso
Global Ecumene, Electroacustic Music and “Other” Music ....... 213
Graciela Spector
The Role of the Significant Other in the Construction of
National Identities ....................................... 241
Ugo E. M. Fabietti
Hybrid Memories: Building the Present in Southern Pakistan ..... 259
Kathryn Crameri
Hybridity and Catalonia’s Linguistic Borders:
the Case of Najat El Hachmi ............................... 271
Hybrid Identities
Flocel Sabaté
Universitat de Lleida
When, towards the end of the 20th century, the world was clearly mov-
ing towards a network society,1 linked by the information networks,2 the
notions of identity also adapted themselves to this new reality.3 Not only
was there a growth in communications and exchanges, but also a new
framework of reference and understanding arose: from Universal History
we moved to Global History, with all the conceptual and experiential im-
plications that this implies.4
Faced with these changes, some fear the loss of the traditional ref-
erences that they hold dear. This is not only about the fear of the new
homogeneity derived from globalisation and dominated by the power-
ful5 silencing the minor and weaker voices,6 especially given the unequal
effects that this globalisation on markets, social stratification and world
governance.7 Besides these effects, in the same global context, complaints
from members of solidly consolidated groups have arisen, fearful that
1 Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. The Rise of the
Network Society (Cambridge (Mass.): Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1996), vol. 1.
2 Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. The Power of
Identity (Cambridge (Mass.): Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1997), vol. 2.
3 Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. End of Millen-
nium (Cambridge (Mass.): Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1996), vol. 3.
4 Bruce Mazlish, Ralph Buultjens, eds., Conceptualizing Global History
(Oxford-San Francisco: Westview, Boulder, 1993).
5 Brad Roberts, ed., Order and Disorder after the Cold War (Cambridge (Mass.): The
MIT Press, 1995); Joaquín Estefanía, El poder en el mundo (Barcelona: Plaza &
Janés Editores, 2000).
6 Susan George, Nous, peuples d’Europe (Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2005); Al-
cira Argumedo, Los Silencios y las Voces en América Latina. Notas sobre el pen-
samiento nacional y popular (Buenos Aires: Ediciones del Pensamiento Nacional,
2006); Partha Chatterjee, La nación en tiempo heterogéneo y otros estudios subalter-
nos (Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno editores–Clacso coediciones, 2008).
7 Luciano Gallino, Globalizzazione e disuguaglianze (Roma-Bari: Editori Laterza,
2000).
8 Flocel Sabaté
the new miscegenation will damage or even annihilate their own identity.
Thus, there have been calls to reinforce the cohesion of specific groups,
especially of a national nature. Some countries are said to lose their mem-
ory and, thus, renounce their own history,8 while trying to preserve the an-
chorage referring to a past as a unique guarantee to maintain an identity in
the future.9 With the same concern but aiming to avoid remaining merely
stopped in these complaints, other groups seek to restructure their national
patriotic values to bind together those who share identity.10
One way and another, it is possible to perceive the fear of losing the
essence that define one’s own society and, inherently, a distrust of other-
ness, a return to the fear of the barbarians,11 an approach not far removed
from the conviction that otherness should be interpreted as confronta-
tion.12 Nevertheless, faced with the same problem, other authors accept
that the mixture shapes society however messily. Beyond the secular calls
for the goodness of mixing and combination of identities,13 one perceives
reality as the result, in itself, of a mixture, which could not be any different
given the speed with which populations, ideas and reference points have
drawn closer and mixed in all aspects over recent decades.14 In fact, this
has been no sudden change, given that the roots of the present globalisa-
tion run very deep, and time ago scenarios appeared like the one perceived
by Georges Trésor when reflecting about the identity of the island of Gua-
dalupe: tout est mêlé. Ce n’est pas inextricable, mais c’est un tissage où
on ne sait quel fil prendre qui soit le bon. La situation des Antilles au-
jourd’hui est ce tissage là.15
8 Jean-Pierre Rioux, La France perd la mémoire. Comment un pays démissionne de son
histoire (Paris: Editions Perrin, 2006).
9 José Ribeiro e Castro, Una Pátria com memória e com futuro. 1 de dezembro. Dia de
Portugal (Parede: Princípia Editora, 2012), p. 5.
10 Eric Liu, Nick Hanauer, The True Patriot. A pamphlet (Seattle: Sasquatch Books,
2007).
11 Tzvetan Todorov, La peur des barbares. Au-delà du choc des civilisations (Paris:
Robert Laffont, 2008).
12 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of Word Order
(New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, 1996).
13 Laurent Ferri, De Sénèque à Lévi-Strauss. Ils raccontent la mondialisation (Paris:
Éditions Saint-Simon, 2005).
14 Zygmunt Bauman, Dentro la globalizzazione. Le conseguenze sulle persone,
(Roma- Bari: Editori Laterza, 2006).
15 Georges Trésor, Guadeloupe: l’enfermement identitaire? (Petit-Bourg: Dérades,
2009), p. 9.
Hybrid Identities 9
In 1872, when taking stock of his life, Jules Michelet wrote that
everything in the world had accelerated: Un des faits les plus graves, et
les moins remarqués c’est que l’allure du temps a tout à fait changé. Il a
doublé le pas d’une manière étrange16. In 1947, Daniel Hálevy published
a book with a very explicit title: Essai sur l’accélération de l’Histoire;17
and in 1973 Manuel Lloris stated that la sociedad humana tiene ahora una
base cultural común más amplia que nunca, which facilitated the move-
ment hacia una sociedad planetaria18. Thus, this did not suddenly appear
in society at the end of the 20th century, when the concept of multicultural
citizenship arose,19 which would transform the whole range of collective
identities, be these ethnic, religious or national.20 If everything has come
so close, a mixture will result that cannot be anything but strange for hu-
man understanding, because individual identity, as psychiatry and psy-
chology show, is no more than the result of an unequal and complex, not
very predictable, sum of influences.21 It should not be difficult to prolong
the malleability to adaptation, not only individual but also social, of hu-
mans beings. In fact, given this proximity, the antidote to the shock that
would result from identities imagined as insoluble can be nothing other
than la mixité of the same identities, as Gilles Kepel reflects.22
Mixing dilutes the density of identity. This, in its pure state, was well
weighed up by the leading character of Monsieur Ibrahim et les fleurs du
Coran, to the point that lightening load this meant getting rid of the books
that serve the function of memory and that linked him to a costly and rigid
Jewish identity: à chaque fois que je vendais un livre, je me sentais plus
livre.23 A lighter and more permeable content would avoid the unbearable
16 Judith Wulf, “Rythmes sémantiques (‘Richelieu et la Fronde’)”, Michelet, rythme
de la prose, rythme ed l’histoire, Paule Petitier, ed. (Villeneuve d’Ascq: Presses
Universitaires de Septentrion, 2010), p. 30.
17 Daniel Halévy, Essai sur l’accélération de l’histoire (Paris: Éditions Self, 1948).
18 Manuel Lloris, El siglo XXI (Barcelona: Salvat Editores, 1973), pp. 135–138.
19 Will Kymlicka, Ciudadanía multicultural (Barcelona: Ediciones Paidós-Ibérica,
1995).
20 Gerd Baumann, El enigma multicultural (Barcelona: Ediciones Paidós-Ibérica,
2001).
21 Aquilino M. Polaino-Lorente, La formación de la personalidad (Madrid: Editorial
Magisterio Español – Editorial Prensa Española, 1976), pp. 50–51.
22 Gilles Kepel, Terreur et martyre. Relever le défi de civilisation (Paris: Éditions
Flammarion, 2008), pp. 294–295.
23 Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt, Monsieur Ibrahim et les fleurs du Coran (Paris: Éditions
Albin Michel, 2001), p. 51.
