Table Of ContentHybrid Energy Systems
Sustainable Energy Strategies
by Yatish T. Shah
Hybrid Energy Systems: Strategy for Industrial Decarbonization
Hybrid Power: Generation, Storage, and Grids
Modular Systems for Energy Usage Management
Modular Systems for Energy and Fuel Recovery and Conversion
Thermal Energy: Sources, Recovery, and Applications
Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas
Other related books by Yatish T. Shah
Energy and fuel systems integration
Water for energy and fuel production
Biofuels and bioenergy: Processes and Technologies
For more information on this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/
Sustainable-Energy-Strategies/book-series/CRCSES
Series Preface
While fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) were the dominant sources of energy during the
last century, since the beginning of the twenty-frst century an exclusive dependence
on fossil fuels is believed to be a nonsustainable strategy due to (a) their environmental
impacts, (b) their nonrenewable nature, and (c) their dependence on the local politics
of the major providers. The world has also recognized that there are in fact ten sources
of energy: coal, oil, gas, biomass, waste, nuclear, solar, geothermal, wind, and water.
These can generate our required chemical/biological, mechanical, electrical, and ther-
mal energy needs. A new paradigm has been to explore greater roles of renewable and
nuclear energy in the energy mix to make energy supply more sustainable and environ-
mental friendly. The adopted strategy has been to replace fossil energy by renewable
and nuclear energy as rapidly as possible. While fossil energy still remains dominant in
the energy mix, by itself, it cannot be a sustainable source of energy for the long future.
Along with exploring all ten sources of energy, sustainable energy strategies must
consider fve parameters: (a) availability of raw materials and accessibility of product
market, (b) safety and environmental protection associated with the energy system,
(c) technical viability of the energy system on the commercial scale, (d) affordable
economics, and (e) market potential of a given energy option in the changing global
environment. There are numerous examples substantiating the importance of each of
these parameters for energy sustainability. For example, biomass or waste may not be
easily available for a large-scale power system making a very large-scale biomass/
waste power system (like a coal or natural gas power plant) unsustainable. Similarly,
an electrical grid to transfer power to a remote area or onshore needs from a remote
offshore operation may not be possible. Concerns of safety and environmental protec-
tion (due to emissions of carbon dioxide) limit the use of nuclear and coal-driven power
plants. Many energy systems can be successful at laboratory or pilot scales, but may
not be workable at commercial scales. Hydrogen production using a thermochemical
cycle is one example. Many energy systems are as yet economically prohibitive. The
devices to generate electricity from heat such as thermoelectric and thermophotovol-
taic systems are still very expensive for commercial use. Large-scale solar and wind
energy systems require huge upfront capital investments which may not be possible
in some parts of the world. Finally, energy systems cannot be viable without market
potential for the product. Gasoline production systems were not viable until the internal
combustion engine for the automobile was invented. Power generation from wind or
solar energy requires guaranteed markets for electricity. Thus, these fve parameters
collectively form a framework for sustainable energy strategies.
It should also be noted that the sustainability of a given energy system can change
with time. For example, coal-fueled power plants became unsustainable due to their
impact on the environment. These power plants are now being replaced by gas-driven
power plants. New technology and new market forces can also change sustainability
of the energy system. For example, successful commercial developments of fuel cells
and electric cars can make use of the internal combustion engines redundant in the
vehicle industry. While an energy system can become unsustainable due to changes
iii
iv Series Preface
in parameters, outlined above, over time, it can regain sustainability by adopting
strategies to address the changes in these five parameters. New energy systems must
consider long-term sustainability with changing world dynamics and possibilities of
new energy options.
Sustainable energy strategies must also consider the location of the energy system.
On one hand, fossil and nuclear energies are high-density energies and they are best
suited for centralized operations in an urban area, while on the other hand, renew-
able energies are of low density and they are well-suited for distributed operations
in rural and remote areas. Solar energy may be less affordable in locations far away
from the equator. Offshore wind energy may not be sustainable if the distance from
shore is too great for energy transport. Sustainable strategies for one country may be
quite different from another depending on their resource (raw material) availability
and local market potential. The current transformation from fossil energy to green
energy is often prohibited by required infrastructure and the total cost of transforma-
tion. Local politics and social acceptance also play an important role. Nuclear energy
is more acceptable in France than in any other country.
Sustainable energy strategies can also be size dependent. Biomass and waste can
serve local communities well at a smaller scale. As mentioned before, the large-scale
plants can be unsustainable because of limitations on raw materials. New energy
devices that operate well at micro- and nanoscales may not be possible on a large
scale. In recent years, nanotechnology has significantly affected the energy industry.
New developments in nanotechnology should also be a part of sustainable energy
strategies. While larger nuclear plants are considered to be the most cost effective for
power generation in an urban environment, smaller modular nuclear reactors can be
the more sustainable choice for distributed cogeneration processes. Recent advances
in thermoelectric generators due to advances in nanomaterials are an example of a
size-dependent sustainable energy strategy. A modular approach for energy systems
is more sustainable at smaller scale than for a very large scale. Generally, a modular
approach is not considered as a sustainable strategy for a very large, centralized
energy system.
Finally, choosing a sustainable energy system is a game of options. New options
are created by either improving the existing system or creating an innovative option
through new ideas and their commercial development. For example, a coal-driven
power plant can be made more sustainable by using very cost-effective carbon cap-
ture technologies. Since sustainability is time, location, and size-dependent, sustain-
able strategies should follow local needs and markets. In short, sustainable energy
strategies must consider all ten sources and a framework of five stated parameters
under which they can be made workable for local conditions. A revolution in technol-
ogy (like nuclear fusion) can, however, have global and local impacts on sustainable
energy strategies.
The CRC Press Series on Sustainable Energy Strategies will focus on novel ideas
that will promote different energy sources sustainable for long term within the frame-
work of the five parameters outlined above. Strategies can include both improvement
in existing technologies and the development of new technologies.
Series Editor,
Yatish T. Shah
Hybrid Energy Systems
Strategy for Industrial Decarbonization
Yatish T. Shah
MATLAB® and Simulink® are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. and are used with permission. The
MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion
of MATLAB® and Simulink® software or related products does not constitute e ndorsement or sponsorship
by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® and Simulink®
software.
First edition published 2021
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© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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The right of Yatish T. Shah to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Shah, Yatish T., author.
Title: Hybrid energy systems : strategy for industrial decarbonization / by
Yatish T. Shah.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. | Series:
Sustainable energy strategies | Includes bibliographical references and
index. | Summary: “This book demonstrates how hybrid energy and processes can decarbonize energy
industry needs for power and heating and cooling. It describes the role of hybrid energy and processes in
nine major industry sectors and discusses how hybrid energy can offer sustainable solutions in each. Sectors
include coal, oil and gas, nuclear, building, vehicle, manufacturing and industrial processes, computing and
portable electronic, district heating and cooling and water. Written for advanced students, researchers,
and industry professionals involved in energy-related processes and plants, this book offers latest research
and practical strategies for application of the innovative field of hybrid energy”—Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020049403 (print) | LCCN 2020049404 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780367747572 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003159421 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Renewable energy sources. | Hybrid power systems. |
Renewable resource integration.
Classification: LCC TJ808 .S53 2021 (print) | LCC TJ808 (ebook) |
DDC 621.31/21—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020049403
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020049404
ISBN: 9780367747572 (hbk)
ISBN 9780367747640 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003159421 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
The book is dedicated to my sons, James, Jonathan and Keith
Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................xix
Author .....................................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1 Hybrid Energy Systems—Strategy for Decarbonization ..................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 1
1.2 Hybrid Energy Systems Defned ............................................... 4
1.3 Examples of Hybrid Energy Systems........................................ 8
1.3.1 Hybrid Solar-Wind Renewable Systems....................... 8
1.3.2 C ombined Heat and Power Hybrid Energy System ..... 12
1.4 Outline of the Book..................................................................16
References.......................................................................................... 18
Chapter 2 Hybrid Energy Systems for Building Industry....................................19
2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................19
2.1.1 Concept of Zero-Energy Buildings............................ 20
2.1.2 Grid Connection..........................................................21
2.1.3 Fuel Switching............................................................ 22
2.1.4 Renewable Energy Credits ......................................... 22
2.1.5 Energy Supply Options and Priorities........................ 22
2.2 Customer Automation and Energy Management Systems...... 26
2.2.1 Dynamic Pricing and Demand Response .................. 28
2.2.2 Process for Renewable Energy Building
Connection to the Electrical Grid .............................. 30
2.3 Role of Hybrid Energy Systems in Net Zero-Energy
Buildings...................................................................................32
2.4 Solar Thermal with Storage..................................................... 34
2.4.1 Solar-Boosted Heat Pump ...........................................35
2.4.2 Building Integrated Solar Thermal Technologies
and Their Applications............................................... 36
2.5 Solar Electric PV with Storage.................................................37
2.6 Hybrid PV/Solar Thermal Concept ..........................................42
2.7 Building-Integrated Options (BiPVT/a) ...................................43
2.7.1 Works on Window Systems........................................ 46
2.7.1.1 Building-Integrated Window Systems
(BiPVT/w)....................................................47
2.7.2 Heat-Pump Integration (PVT/Heat Pump)................. 48
2.7.3 PVT-Integrated Heat Pipe .......................................... 49
2.7.4 PVT Trigeneration...................................................... 49
2.7.5 Commercial Aspects .................................................. 50
2.8 Solar PVT with Geothermal Heat Pump................................. 50
ix
