Hybrid Energy System Models

369 Pages·2020·7.275 MB·English

by  Asmae Berrada, Rachid El Mrabet

HYBRID ENERGY
SYSTEM MODELS
HYBRID ENERGY
SYSTEM MODELS
Edited by
ASMAE BERRADA
Professorof Energy, College of Engineering,LERMA Lab,
International Universityof Rabat, Sala El Jadida, Morocco
RACHID EL MRABET
Senior Expert and GeneralDirectorof the PublicUtility
Development Company,Morocco
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom
525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch
astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical
treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch
informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including
partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-12-821403-9
ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:BrianRomer
AcquisitionsEditor:LisaReading
EditorialProjectManager:NaomiRobertson
ProductionProjectManager:PremKumarKaliamoorthi
CoverDesigner:VictoriaPearson
TypesetbySPiGlobal,India
Contributors
RaymondAdomatis
DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,InstituteforSystemsResearch,
UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD,UnitedStates
Sung-HoonAhn
DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,
SouthKorea
LoiyAl-Ghussain
MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,KY,United
States
ArechkikAmeur
FacultyofScience,IbnTofailUniversity,Kenitra;SchoolofScienceandEngineering,
AlAkhawaynUniversity,Ifrane,Morocco
SomayehAsadi
DepartmentofArchitecturalEngineering,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,
PA,UnitedStates
MohamedBakhouya
CollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida,
Morocco
SoukaynaBerrabah
CollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida,
Morocco
AsmaeBerrada
CollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida,
Morocco
BinayakBhandari
DepartmentofRailroadEngineeringandTransportManagement,WoosongUniversity,
Daejeon,SouthKorea
ZinebBouhssine
CollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida,
Morocco
SofiaBoulmrharj
CollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida;
CUR”EnR&SIE,FacultyofSciences,UniversityResearchCenteronRenewable
Energies&IntelligentSystemsforEnergy-Choua¨ıbDoukkaliUniversity,ElJadida,
Morocco
ix
x Contributors
MohammedElIbrahimi
CollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida,
Morocco
AnasElMaakoul
CollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida,
Morocco
RachidElMrabet
SeniorExpertandGeneralDirectorofthePublicUtilityDevelopmentCompany,Morocco
AmirFakhim-Babaei
FacultyofElectricalandComputerEngineering,UniversityofTabriz,Tabriz,Iran
MohammedKhaidar
CUR”EnR&SIE,FacultyofSciences,UniversityResearchCenteronRenewable
Energies&IntelligentSystemsforEnergy-Choua¨ıbDoukkaliUniversity,ElJadida,
Morocco
IsmailKhay
CollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida,
Morocco
KhalidLoudiyi
SchoolofScienceandEngineering,AlAkhawaynUniversity,Ifrane,Morocco
BehnamMohammadi-Ivatloo
FacultyofElectricalandComputerEngineering,UniversityofTabriz,Tabriz,Iran
MortezaNazari-Heris
DepartmentofArchitecturalEngineering,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,
PA,UnitedStates
MengNi
BuildingEnergyResearchGroup,DepartmentofBuildingandRealEstate;Environmental
EnergyResearchGroup,ResearchInstituteforSustainableUrbanDevelopment(RISUD),
TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,Kowloon,HongKong,China
RadouaneOuladsine
CollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida,
Morocco
OnurTaylan
MechanicalEngineeringProgram,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,NorthernCyprus
€
Campus,Mersin;CenterforSolarEnergyResearchandApplications(GUNAM),Middle
EastTechnicalUniversity,Ankara,Turkey
HaoranXu
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,LoughboroughUniversity,Loughborough,United
Kingdom
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to hybrid energy
systems
Asmae Berradaa, Khalid Loudiyib, and Rachid El Mrabetc
aCollegeofEngineering,LERMALab,InternationalUniversityofRabat,SalaElJadida,Morocco
bSchoolofScienceandEngineering,AlAkhawaynUniversity,Ifrane,Morocco
cSeniorExpertandGeneralDirectorofthePublicUtilityDevelopmentCompany,Morocco
1.1 Introduction
Inrecentyears,accesstoenergyhasbeenimprovedsignificantly.Thenum-
berofpeoplewithoutaccesstoelectricityhasincreasedfromonebillionin
2016(and1.2billionin2010)toabout840milliontoday.About600million
people in Africa live without electricity, while for hundreds of millions
more, the electricity supply is insufficient or random. In addition, nearly
3billionpeopleusepollutingfuelssuchaswoodandotherformsofbiomass
forcookingandheatingpurposes.Thislackofcontinuousenergyprovision
costs the country (Africa) about 2%–4% GDP growth per year [1]. During
blackouts, large industries often depend on expensive backup generators.
The global energy system is undergoing a major transformation, where
renewableenergysystemsplayacriticalroleinthedevelopmentofmodern
androbustenergysystems.Thetransitionisbeingdrivenbyasharpdecline
in the cost of clean energy, whereas the deployment of disruptive
technologies—smart grids and meters or geolocated data systems—
contributes to a radical improvement in planning.
In many countries, new large-scale solutions combining stand-alone
installationsandgrid-basedsystemsimproveaccesstoenergy.Othercoun-
tries depend on minigrid. At the same time,domestic solar installations are
witnessinganincreaseinperformanceandadecreaseincost,makingthem
affordable in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, the two regions where
access to energy is significantly deficient.
With a significant increase in energy requirement and its continuous
fluctuation along with the environmental concerns associated with the
use of fossil fuels, various clean energy generation technologies have
emerged, which are based on renewable energy sources such as wind,
HybridEnergySystemModels ©2021ElsevierInc.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821403-9.00001-9 Allrightsreserved. 1
2 Hybridenergysystemmodels
solar, and biomass and therefore are considered harmless to the environ-
ment compared to the conventional ways of producing energy.
The trend toward increasing the deployment of renewable energy sys-
tems is expected to grow in the coming years. A high contribution of var-
iable renewable energy resources disturbs the reliability and the correct
operationoftheutilitynetwork.Electricgridsarenowatthestartingpoint
of a new revolution where expensive requirements have been enforced to
secureapropersupplyofelectricity.Thisshifttomoreinstalledrenewables
combined with other energy technologies requires new ways of thinking
about the electricity system.System planners and utility grid operators face
variouschallengessuchasintegrationofintermittentgeneration,weakgrid
infrastructure, multiple gas turbine starts per day, and increased need for
spinning reserve. Many recent studies have shown that there is no single
formofpowergenerationthatisoptimalinallapplications.Solarandwind
energy production are variable, but they neither consume fuel nor emit
greenhousegases.Ontheotherhand,naturalgas-fueledgenerationsystems
have low CAPEX ($/kW) and are dispatchable, but they do emit green-
house gases. To solve these issues, several solutions are being investigated.
Thedeploymentofhybridenergysystemtechnologiesisoneamongthem.
1.2 Hybridization: A key solution to energy transition
Theneedtomitigateglobalwarmingandtheinevitabledeclineinconven-
tional energy sources have encouraged several countries to introduce new
energy policies that support the use of renewable energy. An energy tran-
sitionisoccurringindevelopingcountrieswithanincreaseintheutilization
ofsolarandwindenergiesglobally.Toconnectthesefluctuatingrenewable
energysourcesintotheelectricgridatthescalenecessarytoreduceclimate
change, hybrid systems including energy storage are the key solution.
Renewable energy systems offer many advantages, particularly in terms
oftheenvironmentandgrowthpotential.Ontheotherhand,theyposeseri-
ous challenges,particularly in termsof costs and servicecontinuity(asthey
are intermittent sources). The combinationof two or moreenergy sources
toformamultisourcesystem(hybrids)transcendstheseproblemsbyprovid-
ing economical and reliable electricity while meeting ecological require-
ments. The main concern in the design of such systems is the precise
selection (optimal sizing) of their components. The aim is to minimize
Introductiontohybridenergysystems 3
thecostofgeneratingelectricityaswellastheuseofthenationalgridand/or
conventional energy sources while ensuring optimal service continuity
(reliability).
Ahybridenergyproductionsystem,initsmostgeneralview,isonethat
combinesandexploitsseveraleasilyaccessibleenergysources.Hybridization
isdefinedastheincreasinglyfrequentcouplingofdifferentenergysourcesat
differentlevelsofanenergysystem.Hybridenergysystemsolutionsarevery
wellpositionedtoaddressthechallengesofmanagingatransformablepower
systemasmorerenewableenergytechnologiesareintegratedintoagridthat
does not have adequate flexible resources to guarantee reliability. Hybrid
powersystemstypicallycombinemultiplesourcesofenergygenerationwith
acontrolsystemtoovercomethedeficienciesofaspecificgenerationtype.
These systems may include energy storage technologies. This combination
willprovidethepowerthatisreliable,sustainable,andcost-effective.Infact,
various gas/renewable/energy storage hybrid systems have been deployed
worldwide. Research is needed to investigate such hybrid energy systems.
Hybrid systems can be divided into two groups. In the first group, we
findhybridsystems,workinginparallelwiththeelectricgrid.Thesesystems
help satisfy the electrical system’s load. The hybrid systems, in the second
group, operate in an isolated or autonomous mode. They must meet the
needsofconsumerslocatedinsitesthatarefarfromtheelectricgrid:moun-
tain huts, islands, or isolated villages.
Three criteria can be considered in this classification according to the
structure of a hybrid system. The first criterion is whether or not there is
aconventionalenergysource.Thisconventionalsourcecanbeadieselgen-
erator, a microgas turbine, and, in the case of a study of the entire power
grid, an entire power plant. A second possible criterion is whether or not
astoragedeviceispresent.Thepresenceofstorageensuresbettersatisfaction
ofelectricalloadsduringperiodsintheabsenceofaprimaryresourcetobe
converted into electricity. Storage devices can be rechargeable batteries,
electrolysis with hydrogen tanks, etc.
The last possible classification is the type of renewable energy source
used. Indeed, the structure of the hybrid system may contain one or more
combination of renewable energy sources. An important criterion for the
selectionofthesourceusedistheavailabilityoftheenergypotential,which
dependsonwherethehybridsystemisinstalled.Anotherdeterminingfactor
isthepoweredelectricconsumer.Itsimportancedeterminestheneedforan
additional source, a storage device, and/or a conventional source.
4 Hybridenergysystemmodels
Fig.1.1 Criteriafordesigningandevaluatingahybridsystem.
The combinationof several renewableenergy sourcesmakesit possible
to optimize electricity generation systems as much as possible, from both a
technical and economic point of view.
Theselectionofevaluationcriteriaisanimportantelementinthedesign
ofamultisourcesystemforagivenlocality.Fig.1.1presentsvariouscriteria
for the design and evaluation of these multisource hybrid systems (techno-
logical, economic, socio-political, and environmental factors).
Amajorconcernrelatedtotheplanningofrenewableenergyprojectsis
basedoneconomicefficiency.Loweconomicefficiencyisconsideredasone
of the main disadvantages compared to multisource energy systems. An
energysolutionwiththehighesteconomicbenefitsistypicallytheonethat
is achieved. Technical or ecological aspects are often considered to be of
inferior importance.
Components of a multisource system are subject to:
(cid:129) Minimizing the cost of generating electricity,
(cid:129) The Insurance of the serviceof the load according to certain criteria of
reliability (loss of load probability),
(cid:129) Minimizing the energy purchased from the grid (probability of loss of
supply for systems connected to the grid).
Toachievethesegoals,dataabouttheuser’sloaddemand,energyresources,
as well as technical and economic information should be available.
1.2.1 The role of digitalization in hybrid energy systems
Hybrid energy systems have become more connected, reliable, and intelli-
gent thanks to digital technologies. Striking progress in connectivity and
analyticsissupportingthedevelopmentofnewdigitalsystemssuchassmart
machines. Digitalization is enhancing the accessibility, safety, and produc-
tivity of energy technologies.
Besidesthefactthatallenergydemandsectorsarewitnessingtheimpact
of digitalization such as planes, cars, and their supporting infrastructure,
energyuseinbuildingscouldbereducedbyabout10%usingdigitalization
toenhanceoperationalefficiency.Digitaltransformationisprojectedtohave
a wide impact on the future design of energy technologies.
Introductiontohybridenergysystems 5
Digitally interconnected hybrid energy systems could fundamentally
transform electricity markets. The integration of intermittent renewable
energysystemtotheelectricgridcanbedonewiththehelpofdigitalization.
The latter provides a better matching of energy demand and supply. This
would enable more flexibility to the electric grid while saving money in
avoidingfurtherinvestmentofnewenergyinfrastructure.Thedevelopment
of distributed energy resources can also be facilitated using digitalization.
New incentives and devices would be created to support energy trading
within local hybrid energy districts.
The development and the implementation of integrated and smart
hybridenergytechnologiesrequirereconfiguredandnewvaluechains,reg-
ulatory and organizational innovation, business models and landscape of
energy services, and new research actors, in addition to an optimized inte-
gration of end users into the electricity system.
1.3 Hybrid energy systems with conventional
technologies
1.3.1 PV with conventional sources
Thistypeofhybridsystemismostoftenimplementedinsitesthatarechar-
acterizedbyahotclimateandhavesignificantsolarpotentialssuchasSaudi
Arabia[2],Morocco[3],theMaldives[4],andCorsica[5].Theaimofthese
systems, when operated in autonomous mode, is to supply energy without
interruption to a house [5], residential/administrative buildings [2], or vil-
lages [6]. Other hybrid systems supply energy to research centers [7] or
are connected to the electric grid [4].
Autonomous systems often incorporate batteries [8, 9] as well as other
energy storage systems. The batteries and the PV field produce direct cur-
rent.Ontheotherhand,dieselenginescandrivecontinuousoralternating
generators.Mostoften,consumersdemandalternatingcurrent;adistinction
is then made between different system structures depending on the type of
electricmachinecoupledwiththedieselengine.Thesestructureshavebeen
describedandclassifiedaccordingtothetypeofenergyflowbytheauthors
in Ref. [10].
Anumberofstudieshaveinvestigatedexistinghybridsystemscomposed
of photovoltaic systems coupled with a conventional source [3,6]. Others
studiedthepossibilityofintegratingPVpanelsasanadditionalenergysource
in existing installations with a conventional source [6,9,11]. The authors
have carried out studies on the analysis of the processes that occur within