Hyaluronic acid : preparation, properties, application in biology and medicine

215 Pages·2015·5.37 MB·English

by  Boykov

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic Acid
Preparation, Properties, Application
in Biology and Medicine
MikhAil A. SelyAnin, Petr yA. Boykov
And vlAdiMir n. khABArov
Martinex International Research Center, Moscow, Russia
Translated from the Russian version by Scientific Editor Felix Polyak
this edition first published 2015
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
khabarov, v. n. (vladimir n.)
hyaluronic acid : preparation, properties, application in biology and medicine / Mikhail A. Selyanin, Petr ya. Boykov
and vladimir n. khabarov ; translated from the russian version by scientific editor Felix Polyak.
pages cm
includes bibliographical references and index.
iSBn 978-1-118-63379-3 (cloth)
1. hyaluronic acid. 2. organic acids. i. Boykov, P. ya. ii. Selyanin, M. A. (Michael A.) iii. title.
QP702.h8h9313 2015
612.015782–dc23
2014038400
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British library.
iSBn: 978-1-118-63379-3 (hB)
Set in 10/12pt times by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, india
1 2015
This book is dedicated to our daughters Daria, Maria and Vasilisa
Nature is not as you imagine her:
She’s not a mold, nor yet a soulless mask-
She is made up of soul and freedom
She is made up of love and speech …
F.I. Tyutchev (Russian Poet)

Contents
Foreword xi
Introduction xiii
1 The History of Hyaluronic Acid Discovery, Foundational
Research and Initial Use 1
1.1 Discovery 1
1.2 Foundational Research 2
1.3 Initial Medical Applications 3
1.4 Sources of Hyaluronan 4
1.5 Current Medical Study and Use 6
1.6 Impact and Future Directions 7
References 7
2 The Biological Role of Hyaluronic Acid 9
2.1 Hyaluronic Acid Phylogenesis 9
2.1.1 Polysaccharide Structure and the Problems of Phylogenesis 13
2.1.2 Physico-Chemical and Functional Differences of Polysaccharides 18
2.1.3 Biochemical Features of Hyaluronic Acid and Other
Glycosaminoglycans 20
2.2 Functions of Hyaluronan in Human Ontogenesis 22
2.2.1 Role of Hyaluronic Acid in Fertilization 22
2.2.2 Hyaluronan and Other Glucosaminoglycans in Cell Division,
Migration and Differentiation 25
2.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid and Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans
in Maintaining a Differentiated Status of Cells 33
2.2.4 Hyaluronan and Induction of Cellular Cycles for Differentiated Cells 35
2.2.5 The Source of Hyaluronic Acid’s Functional Properties and the
Dynamics of its Synthesis and Degradation 44
2.2.6 The Rules of Biopolymer Functional Cleavage 52
2.3 Hyaluronan Signalling Systems 53
2.4 Hyaluronan Functions in the Extracellular Matrix 59
2.4.1 Extracellular Space 60
2.4.2 Composition and Functioning of the Extracellular Matrix 60
2.4.3 The Role of Hyaluronan in Transportation of Substances
through the Extracellular Matrix: Diffusion, Osmosis,
Electro-Osmosis and Vesicular Transportation 63
2.4.4 Hyaluronan in the Extracellular Matrix of Different
Connective Tissues 65
References 67
viii Contents
3 Methods of Hyaluronic Acid Production 77
3.1 Hyaluronan Sources and Extraction 77
3.1.1 Hyaluronan Production from Animal Sources: General Methods 77
3.1.2 Hyaluronan Purification 78
3.1.3 The Chemical Production of Hyaluronan from Chicken Combs 81
3.1.4 HA Production for Ophthalmology 82
3.2 Bacterial Methods of Hyaluronic Acid Production 84
3.3 Hyaluronan Destruction during Production, Storage
and Sterilization 85
3.4 Enzymatic Destruction of Hyaluronan 86
3.4.1 Hyaluronidase Classification 86
3.4.2 Properties and Functions of Hyaluronidases 87
3.5 Non-Enzymatic Destruction of Hyaluronan 88
3.5.1 Acid-Base Hydrolysis of Hyaluronan 88
3.5.2 Oxidation-Reduction Depolymerization of Hyaluronan 88
3.6 Quality of Hyaluronan Commercial Products of Animal
and Bacterial Origin 89
References 92
4 Molecular and Supramolecular Structure of Hyaluronic Acid 97
4.1 Primary Structure of Hyaluronic Acid 97
4.2 Structure of Hyaluronan in Solution 101
4.3 Rheological Properties of Hyaluronic Acid 104
References 116
5 Chemical Modifications, Solid Phase, Radio-Chemical
and Enzymatic Transformations of Hyaluronic Acid 121
5.1 Main Characteristics of Cross-Linked Hydrogels 122
5.2 Methods of Hyaluronic Acid Cross-Linking 124
5.2.1 Cross-Linking with Carbodiimides 124
5.2.2 Cross-Linking with Aldehydes 126
5.2.3 Cross-Linking with Divinylsulfone 126
5.2.4 Cross-Linking by the Ions of Polyvalent Metals 127
5.2.5 Cross-Linking with Epoxides 127
5.2.6 Photo-Cross-Linking 128
5.2.7 Solid-State Cross-Linking under High Pressure
and Shear Deformation (Solid-State Reactive Blending: SSRB) 130
5.3 Radiochemical Transformations (Radiolysis)
of Hyaluronan Aqueous Solutions 134
References 137
6 Medical Applications of Hyaluronan 143
6.1 Hyaluronan and Aesthetic Medicine 143
6.1.1 Intradermal Hyaluronan-Based Microimplants 143
6.1.2 Cross-Linking of Hyaluronan into a Three-Dimensional Network 144