HVDC Transmission: Power Conversion Applications in Power Systems

448 Pages·2009·20.11 MB·English

by  Chan-Ki Kim

HVDC TRANSMISSION
Power Conversion Applications
in Power Systems
HVDC Transmission: Power Conversion Applications in Power Systems
Chan-Ki Kim, Vijay K. Sood, Gil-Soo Jang, Seong-Joo Lim and Seok-Jin Lee
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-82295-1
HVDC TRANSMISSION
Power Conversion Applications
in Power Systems
Chan-Ki Kim
KoreaElectricPowerCorporation,KoreaElectricPowerResearchInstitute
Vijay K. Sood
UniversityofOntarioInstituteofTechnology
Gil-Soo Jang
KoreaUniversity
Seong-Joo Lim
KoreaElectricPowerCorporation
Seok-Jin Lee
KoreaElectricPowerCorporation
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
HVDCtransmission:powerconversionapplicationsinpowersystems/Chan-KiKim...[etal.].
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-82295-1(cloth)
1.Electricpowertransmission–Directcurrent.2.Electronicapparatusandappliances–Powersupply–
Directcurrent.3.Highvoltages.4.Electriccurrentconverters.I.Kim,Chan-Ki.
TK3111.H8452009
621.319012–dc22
2008045602
ISBN978-0-470-82295-1(HB)
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India.
PrintedandboundinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd,Singapore.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestryinwhichatleasttwo
treesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.
Contents
Foreword ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Author Biographies xv
List of Symbols xix
1 Development of HVDC Technology 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Advantages of HVDC Systems 3
1.3 HVDC System Costs 7
1.4 Overview and Organization of HVDC Systems 13
1.5 Review of the HVDC System Reliability 19
1.6 HVDC Characteristics and Economic Aspects 30
References 34
2 Power Conversion 37
2.1 Thyristor 37
2.2 3-Phase Converter 47
2.3 3-Phase Full Bridge Converter 54
2.4 12-Pulse Converter 58
References 61
3 Harmonics of HVDC and Removal 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Determination of Resulting Harmonic Impedance 81
3.3 Active Power Filter 87
References 95
4 Control of HVDC Converter and System 97
4.1 Converter Control for an HVDC System 97
4.2 Commutation Failure 110
vi Contents
4.3 HVDC Control and Design 116
4.4 HVDC Control Functions 130
4.5 Reactive Power and Voltage Stability 137
4.6 Summary 145
References 145
5 Interactions between AC and DC Systems 149
5.1 Definition of Short Circuit Ratio and Effective Short
Circuit Ratio 149
5.2 Interaction between HVDC and AC Power System 159
References 184
6 Main Circuit Design 187
6.1 Converter Circuit and Components 187
6.2 Converter Transformer 193
6.3 Cooling System 200
6.4 HVDC Overhead Line 213
6.5 HVDC Earth Electrodes 229
6.6 HVDC Cable 235
6.7 HVDC Telecommunications 243
6.8 Current Sensors 249
6.9 HVDC Noise and Vibration 251
References 255
7 Fault Behavior and Protection of HVDC System 257
7.1 Valve Protection Functions 257
7.2 Protective Action of an HVDC System 260
7.3 Protection by Control Actions 268
7.4 Fault Analysis 274
References 277
8 Insulation Coordination of HVDC 279
8.1 Surge Arrester 279
8.2 Functions of the Arresters in an HVDC Station 282
8.3 Insulation Coordination of the Cheju HVDC System 288
References 293
9 A Practical Example of an HVDC System 295
9.1 Introduction 295
9.2 System Description 301
9.3 Phase Control 304
References 327
10 Other Converter Configurations for HVDC Transmission 329
10.1 Introduction 329
10.2 Voltage Source Converter (VSC) 329
Contents vii
10.3 CCC and CSCC HVDC System 340
10.4 Multi-Terminal DC Transmission 349
References 357
11 Modeling and Simulation of HVDC Systems 359
11.1 Simulation Scope and Range 359
11.2 Fast Methods for Accurate Simulation 363
11.3 HVDC Modeling and Simulation 368
11.4 Cheju–Haenam HVDC Real-Time Digital Simulator 373
References 381
12 Present and Proposed Future Installations of HVDC Systems 383
12.1 USA 383
12.2 Japan 387
12.3 Europe 389
12.4 China 396
12.5 India 397
12.6 Malaysia/Philippines 398
12.7 Australia/New Zealand 399
12.8 Brazil 400
12.9 Africa 401
13 Trends for HVDC Applications 403
13.1 Wind Farm Technology 403
13.2 Modern Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC Systems 413
13.3 800 kV HVDC System 422
References 431
Index 433
Foreword
TenyearsagoKoreabegantheoperationofitsfirstHVDC
system,linkingChejuIslandtoHaenamonthemainland.It
wasanextremelyimportantcontributiontoourindustry.In
the future, issuessuch as systemic links and the quality of
largescale,renewableenergywillbecomecrucial.HVDCis
criticaltosolvingthesemajorconcerns,Iamproudtobea
part ofthat project.
This book, a compendium of work relating to HVDC
technology, is a key resource. Enormous effort has been
undertakentoproducethisgreatbodyofmaterialinsucha
short period oftime.
In our industry, we must acknowledge the inevitable
depletion of fossil fuels and the growing importance of
environmentalawareness.Assuch,electricityoffersanum-
berofadvantagesintermsofefficiency,economy,andcleanenergy,especiallycomparedto
coal, oil, and gas. HVDC can resolve a number of issues, including voltage stability in
alternating current systems, reducing growing fault currents, and increasing electric power
reserves. Clearly, it plays a crucial rolein the future of electricpower.
Mostsignificantly,HVDCisthemosteffectivesolutioninareaswhichrequirehighquality
electricity orlinks tolargescale renewable resources.
This book encompasses a number of studies which cover basic and advanced HVDC
applications,allconductedunderthesupervisionofworld-renownedexperts.Withoutdoubt,
thisisoneofthebestvolumesofinformationavailableforHVDCtechnology.Sciencehasno
boundaries, so I believe that this book will be a useful resource and beneficial to electric
industries around theworld.
Isincerelyhopethattheauthorsofthisbookcontinuetodedicatetheirvastskillsandefforts
tofurther research inthe HVDC field.
x Foreword
I’m reminded of the tireless dedication of researchers I worked with when I was the
president at KEPRI. They had a slogan written across their desks that 1 believe in whole
heartedly. It said:
HVDC will bring benefits and improvementto theworld!
Korea Electric Power Corporation
Transmission Division
Senior Vice-President Kim, Moon-Duk
Preface
Although HVDC transmission is considered to be a mature technology by some, it is quite
amazing how many new aspects and projects are under consideration. The complexity of
electricalpowersystemsisincreasingowingtoitsinterconnectionswithexistingsystemsand
applicationofnewtechnologyandatthesametime,manyeconomicandotherconstraintsare
forcing the utilities to operate their system near the maximal limits of stability and provide
realiableandcleanpoweratthelowestcost.IndevelopingnationssuchasChina,India,and
Brazil,theongoingdemandforpowerisforcingtheneedforHVDCbulkpowertransmission
over long distances. Developed nations wishing to interconnect networks and provide
flexibility are relying on HVDC B-to-B connections. Furthermore, there is growing interest
toincorporaterenewableenergysourcesintothegrid,againrelyingonHVDClinks.Itseems
thatapplicationsofHVDCtransmissiontechnologyarenecessaryasameanstoovercomesuch
problems.
The history of DC transmission began in 1897 when Thomas Edison succeeded in
implementing the supply and consumption of electricity at a low DC voltage. At that time,
thetechnologicalstandardsforelectricalpowerindustrieswerestillbeingdevelopedandthe
technologicalcompetitionbetweentheDCpowertransmissionandtheACpowertransmission
method through transformers, developedby GeorgeWestinghouse, were quite severe.
Subsequently,large-scalegenerationandtransmissionofelectricitywasinhighdemandas
people began to realize its importance. Since AC technology was superior in terms of
generation, reliability, transformation, and transmissionvoltage, it became the backbone of
theelectricpowerindustry.Ontheotherhand,DCtransmissiongainedrespectonlyafterthe
development of the mercury arc valve in the 1930s. The HVDC type of electrical power
transmission began its first commercial operation in Gotland, Sweden in 1954 through a
submarinecable interconnection.
TheuniquecharacteristicsofHVDCtransmissioncontinuedtomakethetechnologyviable
forspecialnicheapplications.Intheearly1970s,theadventofthethyristorvalvegaveaboost
totheapplicationsofHVDCandconsiderablyenhancedreliabilityandloweredthecostsof
implementation. The availability of high power forced commutated switches in the 1990s
further enhanced the applications for HVDC. Today, the technology of HVDC is well
established and operates in partnership with FACTS-based AC transmission to provide
complexandversatilemodesofpowertransmission.However,newapplications arealways
beingdeveloped.Itisimportant,therefore,thatthetechnologycontinuestobedevelopedtoo
and that new researchers and engineers continue to understand this technology. We find,
however,thattheliteratureonthissubjectisoftenlackingandnotavailableinacomprehensive
xii Preface
manner.Consequently,itwasfeltthatpracticingengineersshouldaddtheirexpertisetothis
informationpool for upcominggenerations.
TheKoreaElectricPowerCorporation(KEPCO)iscurrentlyactivelypursuinganelectrical
power interconnection project encompassing the North-East Asian region domestically and
abroad.Theengineers,whohavemanyyearsofpracticalexperiencebehindthem,gottogether
topreparethistextbook.Asaresultoftheirfirst-handknowledgeoftheactualstationbetween
Cheju and Haenam, this text combines practical and theoretical knowhow not available
elsewhere on the subject of HVDC transmission.
InChapters1and2,weprovideanintroductiontoDCpowertransmissionanddescribethe
basiccomponentsofaconverter,whichisthemostessentialelementforHVDCtransmission.
Inaddition,wedescribethemethodsforcompensatingthereactivepowerdemandedbythe
converterand the methods for simulation ofHVDC systems.
In Chapters 3–5, we have described the types of filters for removing harmonics and the
characteristicsofthesystemimpedanceresultingfromACfilterdesigns.Wealsodescribethe
IPC(IndividualPhaseControl)method,whichisthebasicmethodtocontrolthephaseofa
thyristor,aswellastheEPC(EquidistantPulseControl)methodandtheDCsystemcontrol
method.
InChapters6–8,thedesigntechniquesforthemaincomponentsofanHVDCsystemare
described: thyristor converters, converter transformers, smoothing reactors, overhead lines,
cable lines, ground electrodes, andBack-to-Backconverters.
InChapters9–10,DCandACtransmission,intermsoftheircapacityofpowertransmission,
environmental impact, and economical characteristics, are compared. Based on the actual
applicationofelectricalpowertransmission,wehavefullydescribedthecurrentstatusofthe
HVDCtypeofelectricalpowertransmissiontechnologyandthetrendforHVDCtechnologies
aroundtheworld.
Useful supplements for this title are available on the book’s companion website at the
following URL: http://www.wiley.com/go/hvdc.
Itisoursincerehopethatthistextwilladdtothewealthofliteratureavailableonthesubject
ofHVDC transmission. Wedo realize thatit is notpossibletocover allaspects ofthis vast
technology, although we havetried tobring ina practical focus notavailableelsewhere.
Chan-Ki Kim
VijayK. Sood
Gil-SooJang
Seong-Joo Lim
Seok-JinLee