Table Of ContentIssues in Space
Melissa de Zwart · Stacey Henderson ·
John Culton · Deborah Turnbull ·
Amit Srivastava Editors
Human Uses
of Outer
Space
Return to the Moon
Issues in Space
Series Editors
Stacey Henderson, Adelaide Law School, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
Melissa de Zwart, Adelaide Law School, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
The ‘Issues in Space’ series brings together a broad range of authors and disciplines
to promote a diversity of views, perspectives, and critical approaches in the space
sector. This series is designed to influence the development of the domestic and
global space industry while it is in its formative stage, rather than trying to redress
imbalances once they are entrenched in the industry.
This series aims to particularly promote the work of authors from traditionally
marginalised groups, including women, early career researchers, and others; voices
that are important in discussions of the development of the space industry. The
scope of this series covers a broad range of key areas and disciplines that will be
explored. Fundamental areas such as: outer space, space law, space policy, space
regulation, space archaeology, space ethics, space situational awareness, space
traffic management, military activities in space, commercial space, dispute
resolution for space activities, space courts, space security, sustained human
presence in space, space resource utilisation, space governance, space settlement,
armed conflict in space, space resource utilisation, space manufacturing, space
tourism, private actors in space, and space mining.
Issues in Space is an interdisciplinary series in that it is devoted to space
scholarship but with the added unique focus on the promotion of diversity of authors,
disciplines and opinions.
Melissa de Zwart • Stacey Henderson
John Culton • Deborah Turnbull
Amit Srivastava
Editors
Human Uses of Outer Space
Return to the Moon
Editors
Melissa de Zwart Stacey Henderson
College of Business, Government and Law College of Business, Government and Law
Flinders University Flinders University
Bedford Park, SA, Australia Bedford Park, SA, Australia
John Culton Deborah Turnbull
Andy Thomas Centre for Space Resources School of Psychology
University of Adelaide University of Adelaide
Adelaide, SA, Australia Adelaide, SA, Australia
Amit Srivastava
School of Architecture and Built
Environment
University of Adelaide
Adelaide, SA, Australia
ISSN 2662-902X ISSN 2662-9038 (electronic)
Issues in Space
ISBN 978-981-19-9461-6 ISBN 978-981-19-9462-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9462-3
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore
Pte Ltd. 2023
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The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
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Contents
1 Returning Humans to the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Stacey Henderson and Melissa de Zwart
2 Optimising Mission Success: A Holistic Approach
to Selecting the Best People to Travel to Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Melissa Oxlad, Sharni Whitburn, and Adam James Carter
3 Clear Thinking in Deep Space:
A Guide by Cognitive Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Anastasia Ejova, Rachel A. Searston, Rachel Stephens,
and Carolyn Semmler
4 The Challenges and Opportunities of Human-Robot
Interaction for Deep Space Habitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Anna Ma-Wyatt, Justin Fidock, Jessica O’Rielly, Heidi Long,
and John Culton
5 Legal and Ethical Planetary Protection Frameworks
for Crewed Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Melissa de Zwart, Stacey Henderson, and Rachel Neef
6 Moon Resources and a Proposition for Supply Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Manuel Varon Hoyos, Nigel J. Cook, and Volker Hessel
7 CSR/ESG in Commercial Space Operations
and the Artemis Accords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Francesco de Zwart, Stacey Henderson, and John Culton
8 Back to the Moon: Cooperation and Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Marco Aliberti, Vinicius Guedes Gonçalves de Oliveira,
and Rodrigo Praino
v
Contributors
Marco Aliberti European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria
Adam James Carter School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
SA, Australia
Nigel J. Cook School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
John Culton Andy Thomas Centre for Space Resources, The University of
Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Vinicius Guedes Gonçalves de Oliveira College of Business, Government and
Law, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Francesco de Zwart Adelaide Law School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
SA, Australia
Melissa de Zwart College of Business, Government and Law, Flinders University,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
Anastasia Ejova School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Justin Fidock Intelligence, Surveillance and Space Division, Defence Science and
Technology Group, Department of Defence, Fairbairn, Canberra, Australia
Stacey Henderson College of Business, Government and Law, Flinders University,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
Volker Hessel School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Manuel Varon Hoyos School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials,
The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Heidi Long School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA,
Australia
vii
viii Contributors
Anna Ma-Wyatt School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
SA, Australia
CNRS IRL CROSSING, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Rachel Neef Adelaide Law School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA,
Australia
Jessica O’Rielly School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA,
Australia
Melissa Oxlad School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA,
Australia
Rodrigo Praino College of Business, Government and Law, Flinders University,
Adelaide, SA, Australia
Rachel A. Searston School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA,
Australia
Carolyn Semmler School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Rachel Stephens School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Sharni Whitburn School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
SA, Australia
Chapter 1
Returning Humans to the Moon
Stacey Henderson and Melissa de Zwart
Abstract Now that it has become likely that more humans will need to live and
work in space for sustained periods of time, it is essential that we consider matters
beyond the engineering questions of how we go to space to the broader questions of
how we will live when we get there. What will we need? What will the effects of
sustained living in space be for us, emotionally, cognitively, physically, and should
we consider the impact we will have on the environment to which we are travelling?
This chapter introduces the diverse yet complementary set of expertise contained in
this book, which mirrors the way we will have to work together as teams of diverse
experts in space to maximise mission success.
1.1 Introduction
There are currently multiple space programs around the world aiming to establish
permanent human habitats in outer space, including on the Moon. Whilst there has
been sustained human presence in space in Low Earth Orbit since 2000, the issues
to be encountered by those travelling to the Moon and beyond, will be even more
complex. With the Artemis missions, the US and its partners plan to create the Lunar
Gateway, to be followed by the landing of the first woman and next man on the
Moon (NASA, 2021). The Artemis project will then form the basis of planned, sus-
tained human missions to Mars. Russia and China have also announced their inten-
tions to establish a permanent base on the Moon and have commenced the
deployment of modules which will form part of this project (Wall, 2022). Further,
commercial operators have also indicated their intentions to create sustained human
presence in Low Earth Orbit, on the Moon and even Mars.
The potential for the presence of multiple bases on the Moon, operated by com-
peting or collaborating entities, including state and commercial enterprises, will
S. Henderson (*) · M. de Zwart
College of Business, Government and Law, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte 1
Ltd. 2023
M. de Zwart et al. (eds.), Human Uses of Outer Space, Issues in Space,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9462-3_1
2 S. Henderson and M. de Zwart
generate new challenges for human survival and mission success. These challenges
go far beyond the technical and require consideration of interdisciplinary perspec-
tives to succeed. It is essential that we consider matters beyond the engineering
questions of how we go to space and start considering the broader questions of how
we will live there. Who are the best people to live in space and how should they be
chosen? What will we need to survive and thrive in space? What will the effects of
sustained living in space be for us - emotionally, cognitively, physically? How can
law provide protection for humans living in space? Should we consider the impact
that we will have on the environment to which we are travelling? The chapters in
this book begin to explore some of these questions.
1.2 Returning Humans to the Moon…to Stay
This book contains chapters considering issues relating to the humans involved,
commercial actors, and geopolitical challenges and conflict arising in the context of
sustained human presence in space.
The characteristics of the individuals chosen to go to space will have a significant
impact on mission success, perhaps more so than the technology sending them
there. In Optimising Mission Success: A Holistic Approach to Selecting the Best
People to Travel to Space, Melissa Oxlad, Sharni Whitburn, and Adam Carter con-
sider selection of people with the “right stuff” to be astronauts from the perspective
of psychology. They note that views about what constitutes the “right stuff” to be an
astronaut have evolved over time, from a focus on purely technical expertise to a
broader, holistic approach that considers an individual’s technical, physical, psy-
chological, and social characteristics. They describe each of these selection domains
and suggest processes to facilitate the evaluation and selection of the best people to
travel to space to optimise mission outcomes.
The effect of long-term space habitation on mental processing and cognitive
function is a key planning consideration for deep space habitation. In Clear Thinking
in Deep Space: A Guide by Cognitive Scientists, Anastasia Ejova, Rachel Searston,
Rachel Stephens, and Carolyn Semmler expand on the psychological considerations
that were raised in the previous chapter. They consider how individuals chosen to go
into space can be trained to perform mission critical tasks in space. They then con-
sider ongoing monitoring of cognitive performance during missions and how high-
level thinking can be sustained, and errors prevented, over extended durations
in space.
In The Challenges and Opportunities of Human-Robot Interaction for Deep
Space Habitation, Anna Ma-Wyatt, Justin Fidock, Jessica O’Rielly, Heidi Long,
and John Culton explore the interactions between humans and robots that will be a
key part of activities off-Earth. The interactions between humans and robots in
space will be cooperative in complex environments, and will include interactions
with robotic vehicles, either remotely operated or supervised by a human. As the
authors note, sustained human activity in space will bring with it new challenges for
