Table Of ContentHUMAN RIGHTS: THEORY AND
MEASUREMENT
POLICY STUDIES ORGANIZATION SERIES
General Editor: Stuart S. Nagel, Professor of Political Science,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
David Louis Cingranelli (editor)
HUMAN RIGHTS: Theory and Measurement
Sheldon H. Danziger and Kent E. Portney (editors)
THE DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS OF PUBLIC POLICIES
Don F. Hadwiger and William P. Browne (editors)
PUBLIC POLICY AND AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY:
Adversity despite Achievement
Richard C. Hula (editor)
MARKET-BASED PUBLIC POLICY
Rita Mae Kelly (editor)
PROMOTING PRODUCTIVITY IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR:
Problems, Strategies and Prospects
Fred Lazin, Samuel Aroni and Yehuda Gradus (editors)
THE POLICY IMPACT OF UNIVERSITIES IN DEVELOPING
REGIONS
J. David Roessner (editor)
GOVERNMENT INNOVATION POLICY: Design,
Implementation, Evaluation
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Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG212XS, England.
Human Rights
Theory and
Measurement
Edited by
David Louis Cingranelli
Associate Professor,
Department of Political Science
SUNY at Binghamton
M
MACMILLAN in association with the
PRESS PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
© Policy Studies Organization 1988
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1988 978-0-333-46169-3
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First published 1988
Published by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LID
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire R021 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
Typeset by Wessex Typesetters
(Division of The Eastern Press Ltd)
Frome, Somerset
British Library Cataloguing in Publieation Data
Human rights: theory and measurement.
(Poliey Studies Organization series).
1. Civil rights
1. Cingranelli, David Louis H. Poliey
Studies Organization IH. Series
323.4 JC571
ISBN 978-1-349-10124-5 ISBN 978-1-349-10122-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10122-1
Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures ix
Notes on the Contributors x
Introduction 1
David Louis Cingranelli
PART I THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
1 A Cross-Cultural Approach to Validating International
Human Rights: The Case of Retribution Tied to
Proportionality 7
Alison Dundes Renteln
2 Human Rights in Divergent Conceptual Settings: How Do
Ideas Influence Policy Choices? 41
M. Glen Johnson
3 Human Rights and Culture Change 60
Joyce Aschenbrenner
4 A Policy Approach to Human Rights Law: The Right to
Development 72
Richard L. Siegel
PART II MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
PRACTICES
5 Some Thoughts on the Systematic Measurement of the
Abuse of Human Rights 89
Andrew D. McNitt
6 Measuring Social and Economic Rights Performance in the
People's Republic of China: A Comparative Perspective
Among Developing Asian Countries 104
Stephen C. Thomas
v
VI Contents
7 Gender/Generic Language in the United States
Constitution: Gender Bias Versus Democratic Ideals 120
Eileen L. McDonagh and Edward C. McDonagh
PART III EXPLANATIONS OF CROSS-NATIONAL
VARIATIONS
8 Comparative Human Rights: Promise and Practice 139
Kathleen Pritchard
9 Correlates of Due Process 154
David Louis Cingranelli and Kevin N. Wright
10 Democracy and Economic Human Rights in the Third
World 173
Nancy Spalding
11 Militarization, Human Rights and Basic Needs in the Third
World 190
Robert M. Rosh
12 Abortion, Rights and Public Policy Making in Six Western
Democracies 205
James E. Lennertz
PART IV CONSEQUENCES OF CROSS-NATIONAL
VARIATIONS
13 Can Democracy Survive Where There is a Gap Between
Political and Economic Rights? 221
Zehra F. Arat
14 Human Rights and US Bilateral Aid Allocations to Africa 236
Thomas E. Pasquarello
Index 255
List of Tables
6.1 Reconstruction of social data on China, 1953-82 108
6.2 POLl index for selected lower and lower-middle income
Asian countries 115
7.1 Gender/generic terminology usage in the constitution of
the United States 124
8.1 Correlation matrix of variables in the general model 142
9.1 A typology of criminal justice systems 164
9.2 Relationship between degree of economic dependency
and the extensiveness and consistency of due process
among less developed nations 168
9.3 Relationship between economic system and
extensiveness and consistency of due process among
less developed nations 169
10.1 Regression of POLl on political, economic and policy
variables 182
10.2 Causal effects of basic needs model on POLl 183
11.1 Correlation matrix for 1978 199
11.2 Results of cross-sectional models 200
13.1 The list of 127 countries and their instability scores 225
13.2 Regression of instability on economic development 226
14.1 Measures of competing explanations of US foreign aid
policies 240
14.2 Factor loading for human rights variables on the composite
measure of human rights practices 241
14.3 Human rights factor scores, foreign policy orientation and
US economic and military assistance levels for African
nations, 1980 242
14.4 Logistic regression results explaining the decision by the
United States to provide economic and military aid to
African nations in FY 1982 246
14.5 Relationship between the human rights practices of
African nations and the decision to provide or withhold
economic aid in FY 1982 247
14.6 Relationship between African nations foreign policy
orientation and the US decision to provide or withhold
military aid in FY 1982 247
VB
viii List of Tables
14.7 Results of (OLS) multiple regression models explaining
levels of US economic and military assistance to African
nations in FY 1982 248
14.8 US and Soviet aid levels for selected African nations 249
14.9 Results of (OLS) multiple regression models explaining
levels of US economic and military assistance to African
nations in FY 1982 (Sudan excluded) 250
List of Figures
8.1 Explaining human rights conditions: general four-
variable model 144
8.2 Overall human rights 145
8.3 Political rights: promise and practice 147
8.4 Civil rights: promise and practice 148
8.5 Socio-economic rights: promise and practice 148
13.1 The plot of democratic instability scores on economic
development level 227
13.2 Balance and imbalance between the two groups of human
rights 232
14.1 A conceptual model of US bilateral aid decisions 238
ix
