Human Rights and Diversity: Area Studies Revisited (Human Rights in International Perspective)

344 Pages·2004·13.33 MB·English

by  David P. Forsythe

Human Rights and Diversity
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human rights in international perspective
Volume7
SeriesEditor
DavidP.Forsythe
UniversityofNebraska–Lincoln
AdvisoryEditorialBoard
PeterBaehr
UniversityofUtrecht
KevinBoyle
UniversityofEssex
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JackDonnelly
UniversityofDenver
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VirginiaLeary
StateUniversityofNewYork–Buffalo ———
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LaurieWiseberg ———
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Human Rights and Diversity
Area Studies Revisited
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Edited by David P. Forsythe ———
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and Patrice C. McMahon
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UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS • LINCOLN AND LONDON
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Publicationofthisvolume
wasmadepossiblebyagrant
fromtheUniversityofNebraska–Lincoln
HumanRightsandHumanDiversityInitiative.
©2003
bytheBoardofRegentsoftheUniversityofNebraska
Allrightsreserved
ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
(cid:1)(cid:1)
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Humanrightsanddiversity:areastudiesrevisited/
editedbyDavidP.ForsytheandPatriceC.McMahon.
p.cm.—(Humanrightsininternationalperspective;
v.7)Includesbibliographicalreferences(p. )andindex.
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isbn0-8032-2020-0(cloth:alk.paper)
1.Humanrights. 2.Humanrights—Cross-culturalstudies.
I.Forsythe,DavidP.,1941– . II.McMahon,PatriceC. III.Series.
jc571.h768762003 Lines: 124 to 185
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Contents
Avantpropos
JeffSpinner vii
Preface
DavidP.Forsythe ix
Introduction:“AreaExpressions”andtheUniversality
ofHumanRights:MediatingaContingentRelationship
AbdullahiA.An-Na‘im 1
Overviews
1.TheCivilizationalGeographyof [-5], (5)
GovernmentRespectforHumanRights,1981–99
DavidL.Richards 25
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2.DoesRegionMatterinProvisionofthe
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HumanRighttoPhysicalIntegrity?AnEmpiricalExamination
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StevenC.Poe 59
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EuropeandtheAmericas Normal Page
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3.TheMarginofAppreciationDoctrineoftheEuropeanCourt
ofHumanRights:AccommodatingDiversitywithinEurope
EvaBrems 81
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4.BetweenDelightandDespair:TheEffectsof
TransnationalWomen’sNetworksintheBalkans
PatriceC.McMahon 111
5.TheRoleofDemocracyintheProtectionofHumanRights:
LessonsfromtheEuropeanandInter-American
HumanRightsSystems
RichardBurchill 137
AfricaandAsia
6.AfricanWomen,Traditions,andHumanRights:
ACriticalAnalysisofContemporary“Universal”
DiscoursesandApproaches
CorinnePacker 159
7.HumanRightsandChildLaborinSouthAsia
MahmoodMonshipouri 182
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vi contents
8.HumanRightsandIndigenousPeoplesinAfricaandAsia
RobertK.Hitchcock 205
IslamandMiddleEast
9.PromotingWomen’sRightsagainstPatriarchalCulturalClaims:
TheWomen’sConventionandReservationsbyMuslimStates
ZehraF.KabasakalArat 231
10.TheStatusofHumanRightsintheMiddleEast:
ProspectsandChallenges
EmileSahliyeh 252
Nongeographical
11.EthnicConstitutionalOrdersandHumanRights:
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HistoricalandComparativeAnalysis
IlanPeleg 279
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DavidP.ForsytheandPatriceC.McMahon 297
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Contributors 317 *
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Index 321 Normal Page
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Avant Propos
Atthedawnofthetwenty-firstcentury,theissueofhumanrightsgrowsinimpor-
tanceandcomplexity.Therhetoricandsometimestherealityofprotectinghuman
rightshavebecomeincreasinglyimportantintheworld.Theprotectionofhuman
rightshasamoreimportantroleintheforeignpolicyofmanystatesthaninyears
past.TheUnitedNationshasmadetheprotectionofhumanrightsacentralpartof
itsmission.Asmanystatesbecomedemocratic,theprotectionofhumanrightsseem
toriseinimportance,yettheideaofprotectinghumanrightscansometimesbein
tensionwithothergoals,liketheideaofrespectingculturaldiversity,maintaining
anationalidentity,orprotectingthesecurityofcitizens.
Inresponsetotheimportanceofhumanrightsissues,theUniversityofNebraska–
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LincolnestablishedtheHumanRightsandHumanDiversityInitiativein1997.The
Initiative’s goal is to examine issues related to human rights in an international
or comparative perspective. The Initiative has a particular interest in examining
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therelationshipbetweenculturaldiversityandhumanrights.TheHumanRights
and Human Diversity Initiative is based in the College of Arts and Sciences,not ———
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in the law school,where most human rights programs are located,reflecting the *
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interdisciplinary aspects of human rights issues. While international law is an
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importantcomponenttounderstandinghumanrightsissues,afullunderstanding
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movesbeyondlaw.TheDepartmentsofAnthropology,English,History,Modern
Languages,Philosophy,andPoliticalScienceandtheCollegeofLawareallinvolved
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andsupporttheHumanRightsandHumanDiversityInitiative.
TheInitiativehasseveralprograms,includingagraduatespecializationinHuman
RightsandHumanDiversitythatonecantakeinconjunctionwithadegreeinone
of thesupportingdepartments.TheInitiativegivesfundingtograduatestudents,
sponsors workshops on human rights and human diversity for faculty,brings in
speakers,andorganizesconferences.Thisvolumeistheoutcomeof aconference
heldinLincoln,Nebraska,sponsoredbytheHumanRightsandHumanDiversity
InitiativeandorganizedbyDavidP.Forsythe.
JeffSpinner,Director,
unlInitiativeonHumanRightsandHumanDiversity
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Preface
Inthelate1990stheCollegeofArtsandSciencesattheUniversityofNebraskaat
Lincolndecideditwouldmakesensetopoolfacultyresourcesacrossdepartmental
boundariessoastocreateinterdepartmentalprogramsofsomesignificance.Rather
thanoperateaccordingtorathersmalldepartmentsofmodeststatusinnationaland
internationalevaluations,thedecisionwastakentobuildonexistingbutfragmented
strength by creating interdisciplinary initiatives. This type of thinking led to the
creationoftheprograminInternationalHumanRightsandDiversity.
ShortlythereaftertheunlHumanRightsInitiativewasgrantedsomeprogram-
mingmoniesfromtheFordFoundationtointegratehumanrightswithareasstud-
ies.Allareasoftheworld,nomatterhowdefined,manifesthumanrightsviolations
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accordingtointernationallyrecognizedhumanrights.Butthequestionnaturally
arises as to whether different areas manifest different patterns in accepting and
implementing international standards on human rights. It was out of this inter-
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sectionbetweenuniversalhumanrightsandthedifferentareasoftheworldthata
conferencewasheldinLincolninOctober2001.Thisbookistheresultofmuchof ———
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On the basis of a call for papers and the resulting competition,we invited to
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Lincoln a dozen or so leading thinkers from the disciplines of law and political
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through a focus on area studies.We made sure to include both quantitative and
qualitativeapproachestothesubject.Ourbudgetlimitedustohostingscholarsfrom
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NorthAmerica andWestern Europe.We tried to compensate for the limitations
imposed by budgetary considerations by inviting a keynote speaker who was a
nationalof theSudan.Becausewefoundourbudgetconstraintsforcedalackof
coverageinimportanthumanrightsmatters,weaddedmaterialinourconcluding
chapter. Thus although we were not able to bring in a scholar to cover China
and East Asia, the editors paid special attention to that area in the concluding
chapter.
The resulting conference papers, most of them now chapters in this volume,
morethanjustifiedouroriginalthinking.Theyprovidearichreflectiononhow
geographical, cultural, and analytical areas can inform an understanding of hu-
man rights standards and practice. All authors graciously revised their original
drafts several times in the light of conference discussion and editorial queries.
Both the keynote speaker and the book editors spent considerable time after the
conferenceseekingintegratedandthematicreflectionsfortheopeningandclosing
chapters.
ThedetailsoftheconferencewerehandledwithskillandgracebyMs.Barbara-
Ann Rieffer. The details of the manuscript were handled in fine fashion by Mr.
Jonathan Trexel. Ms. Helen Sexton was of great assistance concerning budgetary
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