Table Of ContentHuman Placental
Trophoblasts
Impact of Maternal Nutrition
Human Placental
Trophoblasts
Impact of Maternal Nutrition
Edited by
Asim K. Duttaroy
University of Oslo
Norway
Sanjay Basak
National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR)
Hyderabad, India
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii
Section i early Placentation: Regulation
of trophoblast Growth and Development
Chapter 1 Human Placenta Development, Structure, and Organization in Relation
to Function and Fetal Development .............................................................................3
Tore Henriksen, A.M. Holme, H. Horne, M.B. Holm, and T.M. Michelsen
Chapter 2 Molecular Regulation of Human Extravillous Trophoblast Development .................21
Jürgen Pollheimer and Martin Knöfler
Chapter 3 Epigenetics and the Placenta: Impact of Maternal Nutrition .....................................37
Leslie Myatt and Kohzoh Mitsuya
Chapter 4 Maternal Diet, Trophoblast Biology, and Epigenetic Regulation ...............................53
Daniel Vaiman
Section ii Maternal nutrition and Fetal
Growth and Development
Chapter 5 Placental Amino Acid Transport in Response to Maternal Nutrition
during Pregnancy .......................................................................................................71
Allison L.B. Shapiro and Theresa L. Powell
Chapter 6 Fatty Acid Uptake and Metabolism in the Human Placenta ......................................85
Asim K. Duttaroy
Chapter 7 The Roles of Fatty Acids in Fetal Development ........................................................93
Emilio Herrera and Henar Ortega-Senovilla
Chapter 8 Role of Maternal Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Placental
Development and Function .......................................................................................113
Alka Rani, Akshaya Meher, Nisha Wadhwani, and Sadhana Joshi
v
Contents
vi
Chapter 9 Importance of Cholesterol and Cholesterol Transporters in the Placental
Trophoblast during Pregnancy .................................................................................129
Arjun Jain and Christiane Albrecht
Chapter 10 Maternal Fatty Acids and Their Effects on Placentation .........................................145
Sanjay Basak and Asim K. Duttaroy
Section iii Vitamins, Minerals, and Placentation
Chapter 11 Maternal Micronutrients, Placental Growth, and Fetal Outcome ............................159
Irene Cetin, Chiara Mandò, and Manuela Cardellicchio
Chapter 12 Folic Acid Uptake and Its Regulation in the Placenta .............................................173
Elisa Keating, João R. Araújo, and Fátima Martel
Chapter 13 Vitamin D Effects on Pregnancy and Trophoblast Function:
Limited Data yet Endless Possibilities .....................................................................191
Bryanne Colvin, Mark S. Longtine, and D. Michael Nelson
Chapter 14 Choline and Placental Trophoblast Development ....................................................209
Sze Ting (Cecilia) Kwan, Julia H. King, and Marie A. Caudill
Chapter 15 Role of Calcium in Fetal Development ....................................................................231
Evemie Dubé and Julie Lafond
Section iV Regulation of trophoblast
Angiogenesis and invasion
Chapter 16 Maternal Obesity and Placental Vascular Function .................................................247
Louiza Belkacemi, Michael G. Ross, and Mina Desai
Chapter 17 Placental Dysfunction and Future Maternal Cardiovascular Disease .....................263
Anne Cathrine Staff and Christopher W.G. Redman
Chapter 18 Trophoblast–Uterine Natural Killer Cell Interactions and Their Effect
on Cytokines and Angiogenic Growth Factors ........................................................279
Gendie E. Lash and Judith N. Bulmer
Contents
vii
Chapter 19 Effects of Hyperglycemia on Trophoblast Invasion and Angiogenesis ....................293
Sanjay Basak and Asim K. Duttaroy
Chapter 20 Role of Cytokines in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies ...................................311
Abhilash D. Pandya, Mrinal K. Das, and Johannes Rolin
Section V environmental and Lifestyle Factors in Pregnancy
Chapter 21 Effect of Prepregnancy Body Weight and Pregnancy Outcome ..............................323
Christine Henriksen
Chapter 22 The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in the Human Placental Trophoblast:
The Impact of Nutraceuticals and Naturals Products ..............................................329
Petr Pavek and Tomas Smutny
Chapter 23 Impact of Environmental Pollutants on Placentation ...............................................345
Nur Duale, Kristine Bjerve Gutzkow, Tim Hofer, and Birgitte Lindeman
Section Vi epigenetics, microRnA,
and Placental Gene expression
Chapter 24 Differential Gene Expression of the Placenta in Normal and Pathological
Human Pregnancy ....................................................................................................363
Vasilis Sitras and Ganesh Acharya
Chapter 25 Placental Gene Expression in Pathological Pregnancies .........................................371
Saumitra Chakravarty
Chapter 26 Regulation of microRNA Expression and Function of First-Trimester
and Term Placentas in Humans ................................................................................391
Yuping Wang
Index ..............................................................................................................................................411
Preface
During fetal life, maternal nutrition plays a critical role in the programming of susceptibility to
adult disease. The placental supply of maternal nutrients to the fetus is critically important for fetal
growth and development. The placenta is the highly specialized organ of pregnancy that supports
the normal growth and development of the fetus. Apart from maternal nutrition status, the fetal
supply is influenced by placental surface area and availability of specific nutrient transporters on
the membranes. Therefore, the growth and function of the placenta are precisely regulated and
coordinated to ensure the optimum exchange of nutrients and waste products between the maternal
and fetal circulatory systems. In fact, more and more evidence suggests that placental growth and
function contribute to fetus growth and health outcome in adult life.
In this book, we sought to cover a broad range of evidence in the areas of placental growth and
function and its impact on fetoplacental outcome. We were fortunate to recruit subject-specialized
authors who play leading roles within their discipline. These individuals gladly shared their insights
into various aspects of placenta research. In Sections I and II, the book chapters include placenta
size, structure, and organization; molecular regulation of early placentation; epigenetic regulation
and placentation; trophoblast invasion, angiogenesis, maternal nutrition, epidemiology, and fetal
outcome; amino acid transport; fatty acid uptake, metabolism, and transport; maternal fatty acid
metabolism and fetoplacental growth; maternal long-chain fatty acids and size and function of the
placenta; cholesterol transport and trophoblast growth and development; fatty acid and placentation;
maternal micronutrients, placental growth, and fetal outcome. Section III lists topics involved with;
folic acid uptake and its regulation in the placenta; effects of vitamin D on pregnancy and the pla-
centa; maternal choline and placental trophoblast; and calcium and early development of placenta.
Sections IV and V focus on regulation of trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis by lifestyle and
environmental factors such as maternal obesity and placental vascular function; placental dysfunc-
tion and future maternal cardiovascular disease; trophoblast–natural killer cell interactions; hyper-
glycemia factors and its effects on angiogenesis; the role of cytokines in healthy and pathological
pregnancies; the impact of aryl hydrocarbon on human trophoblasts; and synthetic chemicals and
placentation. Section VI includes gene expression of the placenta in normal and pathological human
pregnancy and regulation of microRNA expression and function of human placentas.
A book like this one, however, cannot be comprehensive, exhaustive, and specific by all means;
the editors had to select from a large number of nutrients and an even larger number of effects of
nutrients at the cellular and molecular level to understand their importance in fetoplacental out-
come. For each topic that it is included in this book, another equally important topic may have been
left out. We believe that this book will be helpful to all those who are working in these areas of
maternal–fetal health and reproductive research.
Our thanks go to all the scientists who contributed chapters for this book. These individuals cre-
ated time in their busy schedule to produce chapters of outstanding quality. Also, we thank Jill J.
Jurgensen, senior project coordinator of the CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, for her continued
support during the preparation of the manuscript.
Asim K. Duttaroy
Sanjay Basak
ix
