Table Of ContentEmerging Topics in Ecotoxicology
Principles, Approaches and Perspectives
Volume 4
Series Editor
Lee R. Shugart
L.R. Shugart and Associates, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7360
Bryan W. Brooks Duane B. Huggett
(cid:2)
Editors
Human Pharmaceuticals
in the Environment
Current and Future Perspectives
Editors
Bryan W. Brooks Duane B. Huggett
Baylor University University of North Texas
Waco, Texas, USA Denton, Texas, USA
ISSN 1868-1344 ISSN 1868-1352 (electronic)
ISBN 978-1-4614-3419-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-3473-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3473-3
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 201293197
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,
NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in
connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they
are not identi fi ed as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are
subject to proprietary rights.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
Perspectives on Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment ................... 1
Bryan W. Brooks, Jason P. Berninger, Alejandro J. Ramirez,
and Duane B. Huggett
Environmental Risk Assessment for Human Pharmaceuticals:
The Current State of International Regulations .......................................... 17
Jürg Oliver Straub and Thomas H. Hutchinson
Regulation of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: The USA .................. 49
Emily A. McVey
Environmental Fate of Human Pharmaceuticals ......................................... 63
Alistair B.A. Boxall and Jon F. Ericson
Environmental Comparative Pharmacology: Theory
and Application ............................................................................................... 85
Lina Gunnarsson, Erik Kristiansson, and D.G. Joakim Larsson
A Look Backwards at Environmental Risk Assessment:
An Approach to Reconstructing Ecological Exposures ............................... 109
David Lattier, James M. Lazorchak, Florence Fulk, and Mitchell Kostich
Considerations and Criteria for the Incorporation of
Mechanistic Sublethal Endpoints into Environmental
Risk Assessment for Biologically Active Compounds .................................. 139
Richard A. Brain and Bryan W. Brooks
Human Health Risk Assessment for Pharmaceuticals in the
Environment: Existing Practice, Uncertainty, and Future Directions ....... 167
E. Spencer Williams and Bryan W. Brooks
v
vi Contents
Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment Technologies ......................... 225
Daniel Gerrity and Shane Snyder
Pharmaceutical Take Back Programs ........................................................... 257
Kati I. Stoddard and Duane B. Huggett
Appendix A. Take Back Program Case Studies ........................................... 287
Index ................................................................................................................. 297
Contributors
Jason P. Berninger Department of Environmental Science , Center for Reservoir
and Aquatic Systems Research, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University ,
Waco , TX 76798 , USA
Of fi ce of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Duluth , MN 55804 , USA
Alistair B. A. Boxall Environment Department , University of York , Heslington ,
York YO10 5DD , UK
Richard A. Brain Ecological Risk Assessment , Syngenta Crop Protection LLC ,
Greensboro , NC 27409 , USA
Bryan W. Brooks Department of Environmental Science , Center for Reservoir
and Aquatic Systems Research, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University ,
Waco , TX 76798 , USA
Jon F. Ericson P fi zer Global Research and Development, Worldwide PDM,
Environmental Sciences , MS: 8118A-2026 , Groton , CT 06340 , USA
Florence Fulk National Exposure Research Laboratory, Ecological Exposure
Research Division , US Environmental Protection Agency, Of fi ce of Research and
Development , Cincinnati , OH 45268 , USA
Daniel Gerrity Water Quality Research and Development Center , Southern
Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility , Henderson ,
NV 89015 , USA
Lina Gunnarsson Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,
405 30 Göteborg , Sweden
Duane B. Huggett Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas ,
Denton , TX 76203 , USA
vii
viii Contributors
Thomas H. Hutchinson CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment,
Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences , Weymouth , Dorset DT4 8UB , UK
Mitchell Kostich National Exposure Research Laboratory, Ecological Exposure
Research Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Of fi ce of Research and
Development , Cincinnati , OH 45268 , USA
Erik Kristiansson Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology , The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,
405 30 Göteborg , Sweden
Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
D.G. Joakim Larsson Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology , The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg ,
405 30 Göteborg , Sweden
David Lattier National Exposure Research Laboratory, Ecological Exposure
Research Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Of fi ce of Research and
Development , Cincinnati , OH 45268 , USA
James M. Lazorchak National Exposure Research Laboratory, Ecological
Exposure Research Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Of fi ce of
Research and Development, Cincinnati , OH 45268 , USA
Emily A. McVey Of fi ce of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation
and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD 20993 ,
USA
WIL Research, 5203DL ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
Alejandro J. Ramirez Mass Spectrometry Center, Mass Spectrometry Core
Facility, Baylor University, Baylor Sciences Building , Waco , TX 76798 , USA
Shane Snyder Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Arizona ,
Tucson , AZ 85721 , USA
Jürg Oliver Straub F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Group SHE , LSM 49/2.033 ,
Basle CH-4070 , Switzerland
Kati I. Stoddard Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas ,
Denton , TX 76203 , USA
E. Spencer Williams Department of Environmental Science, Institute of
Biomedical Studies , Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor
University , Waco , TX 76798-7266 , USA
Perspectives on Human Pharmaceuticals
in the Environment
Bryan W. Brooks , Jason P. Berninger , Alejandro J. Ramirez ,
and Duane B. Huggett
Background
Human interaction with the environment remains one of the most pervasive facets
of modern society. Whereas the anthropocene is characterized by rapid popula-
tion growth, unprecedented global trade and digital communications, energy
security, natural resource scarcities, climatic changes and environmental quality,
emerging diseases and public health, biodiversity and habitat modi fi cations are
routinely touted by the popular press as they canvas global political agendas and
scholarly endeavors. With a concentration of human populations in urban areas
B. W. Brooks (*)
Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research ,
Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University , One Bear Place , #97266 ,
Waco , TX 76798 , USA
e-mail: [email protected]
J. P. Berninger
Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research ,
Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University , One Bear Place , #97266 ,
Waco , TX 76798 , USA
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, National Research Council
Research Associates Program , Of fi ce of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency , 6201 Congdon Boulevard , Duluth , MN 55804 , USA
e-mail: [email protected]
A. J. R amirez
Mass Spectrometry Center, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility , Baylor University ,
Baylor Sciences Building, One Bear Place , #97046 , Waco , TX 76798 , USA
e-mail: [email protected]
D. B. Huggett
Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas ,
1155 Union Circle , # 305220 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA
e-mail: [email protected]
B.W. Brooks and D.B. Huggett (eds.), Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: 1
Current and Future Perspectives, Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology 4,
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3473-3_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
2 B.W. Brooks et al.
unlike any other time in history, the coming decades will be de fi ned by “A New
Normal,” as proposed by Postel [1 ] , where the interplay among sustainable
human activities and natural resource management will inherently determine the
regional fates of human societies.
In recent years, few topics have captured the public’s attention like the pres-
ence of human pharmaceuticals in environment. Fish on Prozac [ 2, 3 ] . Male fi sh
becoming female [ 4, 5 ] ? Drugs found in drinking water [ 6, 7 ] . India’s drug
problem [ 8 ] . Chances are you have seen these headlines or read related reports.
Pharmaceuticals and trace levels of other contaminants (e.g., antibacterial agents,
fl ame retardants, per fl uorinated surfactants, harmful algal toxins) are increasingly
reported in freshwater and coastal ecosystems. In the developed world, many of
these chemicals are released at very low levels (e.g., parts per trillion) from waste-
water ef fl uent discharges to surface and groundwaters. But why were citizens so
engaged by stories about fi sh on Prozac [3 ] and drugs in drinking water [ 7 ] ?
Because pharmacotherapy is now entrenched in everyday life, a realization that
common drugs were found in the water we drink or the fi sh we eat likely produces
a boomerang effect, where our daily reliance on well-accepted therapies was con-
cretely linked in a new way with their potential consequences to the natural world.
On an increasingly urban planet, pharmaceutical residues and traces of other
contaminants of emerging concern represent signals of the rapidly urbanizing
water cycle and harbingers of the “New Normal.”
Over the past 2 decades the implications of endocrine disruption and modula-
tion have permeated public consciousness, scienti fi c inquiry, regulatory frame-
works, and management decisions in the environmental and biomedical sciences.
Publication of Colburn, Dumanoski, and Myers’ “Our Stolen Future [9 ] ,” which
is often referred to as the second coming of Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring [ 10 ] ,”
stimulated the public, scienti fi c, and regulatory attention given to endocrine dis-
ruptors and ultimately in fl uenced the environmental studies of human pharma-
ceuticals [ 1 1 ] . For example, human reproductive developmental perturbations
elicited by the estrogenic human pharmaceutical diethylstilbestrol and feminiza-
tion of male fi sh exposed to municipal ef fl uent discharges represent examples of
causal relationships among endocrine active substances and biologically important
adverse outcomes [ 12 ] .
In the late 1990s, research in the area of endocrine disruption was taking off,
particularly to identify constituents of ef fl uents or other environmental matrices that
were potentially responsible for endocrine perturbations in wildlife and humans.
Because many xenoestrogens are present in ef fl uent discharges, initial investiga-
tions in the UK employed toxicity identi fi cation evaluation studies to fractionate
and identify causative components of the complex mixtures inherent with ef fl uents
[ 13 ] . At the same time in the USA, Arcand-Hoy et al. [ 14 ] highlighted the impor-
tance of considering human estrogen agonist and veterinary androgen agonist phar-
maceuticals as potential causative toxicants from point and nonpoint source
ef fl uents. Also in 1998, two of the fi rst review papers on pharmaceuticals in the
environment, by Halling-Sorensen et al. [ 15 ] and Ternes [1 6 ] , appeared in the litera-
ture. In 1999, another review paper, by Daughton and Ternes [1 7 ] , considered
