Table Of ContentHUMAN INTERACTION WITH
COMPLEX SYSTEMS:
Conceptual Principles And Design Practice
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
HUMAN INTERACTION WITH
COMPLEX SYSTEMS:
Conceptual Principles and Design Practice
by
Celestine A. Ntuen
Eui H. Park
North Carolina A&T State University
~.
"
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
Boston I Dordrecht I London
Distributors for North America:
Kluwer Academic Publishers
101 Philip Drive
Assinippi Park
Norwell, Massachusetts 02061 USA
Distributors for all other countries:
Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Distribution Centre
Post Office Box 322
3300 AH Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available
from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8630-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-1447-9
DOl: 10.107/978-1-4613-1447-9
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For
more information contact: Sales Department, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061
Copyright © 1996 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1996
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo
copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell,
Massachusetts 02061
Printed on acid-free paper.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to our wives (Tina Ntuen and Un Park)
for love, support and patience. After this project, there will be a
better interaction, but in a "simple" system in our house!!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
PART 1: Human System Interaction
An Integrated Model for Interactive Systems 3
Abderrafiaa Koukam and Jean-Claude Tarby
HCI Architecting for System Reliability 13
Raymond J Martel
A Generator of Adaptive User Interfaces Oriented Task 25
Charles Santoni, Philippe Francois, Elisabeth Furtado and Sebastien Romitti
Interface Agents in Complex Systems 35
Wayne Zachary, Jean-Christophe Le Mentec and Joan Ryder
A Multimodal Framework for Interacting with Virtual Environments 53
Rajeev Sharma, Thomas S. Huang and Vladimir 1. Pavlovi c'
Software Usability as a Foundation for Human-Computer Interaction Design 73
Katrina McCain, Celestine A. Ntuen and Eui H. Park
Knowledge-Based Image Enrichment For Cooperative Tele-Assistance 89
Erika Rogers, Versonya Dupont, Robin R. Murphy and Nazir Warsi
PART II: Human Factors And Decision Aiding 101
Principles for Intelligent Decision Aiding 103
Susan G. Hutchins
Human Factors Engineering Use of Distributed Simulations: Advantages and 133
Limitations
William P. Marshak, Mark Waltensperge and Scott L. Smith
Construction of a Knowledge Base with an Object-Oriented Database for 141
Ergonomic Human Models
Eui S. Jung, Dongseok Kang and Yongtak Shin
Better Automatic Decisions in Manufacturing Processing 151
AbidJazaa
A Multi-Criteria Decision Model for Prescribing Optimal Ergonomic Action 165
Strategies for Industry
Joseph R. Davis
Cooperative Problem-Solving in the Interactions of Airline Dispatchers with the 185
Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center
Philip J Smith, Elaine McCoy, Judith Orasanu and Charles Billings
KBS as an Operational and Tactical Tool for Operation of Distillation Columns 195
Mike Thorn, Anne Nortcliffe, Jack Poppleton and Stuart Smith
Using Knowledge Based Systems to Support Anesthetists as an Expert Assistant 211
in Surgical Procedures and in Virtual Reality for their Training
Mike Thorn, Roger Brooks, Darren Granger and David Glenton
PART III: Systems Concepts 223
Case Handling Models as a Basis for Information System Design 225
Jan Gulliksen
User-Defined Control Limits for Acceptable Message Transmission Delays in 257
Computer-Mediated Communications
Barrett S. Caldwell, Antoinette Derjani Bayeh, and Piyusha V Paradkar
C4I3 Architectural Foundation for Real-Time Supervisory Control of 265
Teleoperation
Celestine A. Ntuen
Metaphoric Abstraction: Further Explorations of the Starfield Interface 279
Robert R. Singers and Linda S. Endres
About Faults, Errors and Other Dangerous Things 291
Matthias Rauterberg
Sources of Errors in Intent Inferring Systems 307
Celestine A. Ntuen
PART IV - Theoretical Issues and Design Principles 317
edited by Barbara T. Pioro
F!Jreword: Theoretical Issues and Design Principles for Human Interaction with 319
Complex Systems
Celestine A. Ntuen and Barbara Pioro
A Framework for Human Interactions in Complex Systems 321
Andrew P. Sage
Cognitive Ergonomics of Complex Systems 331
Moderator: John M. Flach
Overview: Barbara T Pioro
Abstraction, Coordination, and Situational Awareness: Implications for Use 335
Centered Design
JohnM Flach
Human Cognition and the Expert Systems Interface; Mental Models and 343
Explanation Facilities
Michael L. Donnell
Non-Analytic Cognition: Contextual Influences on Expert Decision Making 351
Robert R. Hunt
Cognitive Engineering: A Cooperative Effort of Engineers and Psychologists 359
William P. Marshak
Progress in Human-System Interaction 365
Moderator: Gabriel Salvendy
Overview: Barbara T Pioro
Issues in the Design of Human-Machine Systems: Automation, Mental Models, 373
Socially Centered Design
John Cherniavsky
Human-Centered Automation: A Philosophy, Some Design Tenets, and Related 377
Research
Christine M Mitchell
Complex Systems: Fundamental Issues 383
Oscar Garcia
Automation and Problem Solving in Human-Machine Systems 385
Andrew P. Sage
Complexity of Complex System: How do we Measure it? 387
Gavriel Salvendy
Team Coordination as a Model for Multi-Agent Interaction Training 391
Daniel Serfaty
Interface Agents in Complex Systems 397
Wayne Zachary
Human Modeling and Simulation 403
Moderator: Celestine A. Ntuen
Overview: Barbara T. Pioro
Human Models in the Future Virtual Environment Systems 409
Norman Badler
Simulation: Issues in Modeling Humans 413
Jadgish Chandra
Flight Handling Qualities: Classical and New Models 415
Celestine A. Ntuen
Measuring Battle Command Performance in a Simulations Environment 419
Linda Pierce
Simulation in General Aviation Research 423
Robert Blanchard
Advanced Methods for Commander (and Staff's) Visualization Research Tool 427
(AdvCoVRT)
Michael Barnes
PREFACE
Human-System interaction has been and will continue to be of interest to many
researchers of various disciplines: engineers, computer scientists, psychologists, and
social scientists. The research in Human-System Interaction (HSI) has progressed
from the era of using anthropomorphic data to design workspace to the current
period which utilizes human and artificial sensors to design sensory-based
cooperative workspace. In either of these developments, HSI has been known to be
complex.
In 1994, we initiated a series of symposiums on Human Interaction with Complex
Systems. It was then that various ideas surrounding HSI for today and tomorrow
were discussed by many scientists in the related disciplines. As a follow-up, in 1995
the Second Symposium was organized. The objective of this symposium was to
attempt to defme a framework, principles, and theories for HSI research. This book
is the result of that symposium.
The 1995 symposium brought together a number of experts in the area of HSI. The
symposium was more focused on expert opinions and testimonies than traditional
meetings for technical papers. There were three reasons for that approach. First,
there is a need for long-range thinking on how to design adaptive user interfaces for
complex systems interaction; second, there is a need to focus on measuring mental
task handling qualities through the application of cognitive ergonomics and
cognitive psychology models; and third, the issues of the user in the human
machine systems are still discussed phenomenally rather than nominally - should
the human be removed from the loop (full automation) or should the human stay in;
if so, who is going to assist who and in what capacity. These issues bring back old
memories of function allocation in human-machine systems as was first proposed by
Fitts over fifty years ago. In addition, the metric to quantify the human operator
performance in a complex and adaptive system has not been adequately addressed;
this is a necessary ingredient in assessing the value-added and trade-off decision
policies for designing human-machine systems.
As a basis for providing answers to the above problems, the format of the
symposium attempted to address these issues by soliciting written papers and
organizing expert panel discussions. This was done in four major areas. These are:
a) Cognitive Ergonomics of Complex Systems. Issues addressed in this topical
area included mental models, mental workloads, cognition, information processing,
mental task handling qualities, memory aids, and performance metrics for cognitive
task processing.
b) Information Display and Decision Aiding. Here, the impact of information
sciences and information presentation in complex task environments such as
manufacturing, aircraft piloting, and nuclear control systems were discussed.
