Human Exploitation and Biodiversity Conservation (Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation)

507 Pages·2007·3.82 MB·English

by  David L. Hawksworth

Human Exploitation and Biodiversity
Conservation
TOPICS IN BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
Volume 3
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Human Exploitation and Biodiversity
Conservation
Edited by
David L. Hawksworth
and
Alan T. Bull
Reprint from Biodiversity and Conservation, volume 15:8 (2006)
123
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the library of
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ISBN-10-1-4020-5282-0 (HB)
ISBN-13-978-1-4020-5282-8 (HB)
ISBN-10-1-4020-5283-9 (e-book)
ISBN-13-978-1-4020-5283-5 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
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CoverPhoto:PaluValleyinSulawesi,Indonesia,showingthecontrastbetween
arid and over-grazed land and rich river valley agriculture.
Photographer: Jeffrey A. McNeely
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Contents
Human Exploitation and Biodiversity
Conservation
Introduction 1–2
LI AN, GUANGMING HE, ZAI LIANG and JIANGUO LIU / Impacts of
demographic and socioeconomic factors on spatio-temporal dynamics
of panda habitat 3–23
CHRISTOPHER F. MASON / Avian species richness and numbers in the built
environment: can new housing developments be good for birds? 25–38
H. ADOUKONOU-SAGBADJA, A. DANSI, R. VODOUHÊ and K. AKPA-
GANA / Indigenous knowledge and traditional conservation of fonio
millet (Digitaria exilis Digitaria iburua) in Togo 39–55
LUIS-BERNARDO VÁZQUEZ and KEVIN J. GASTON / People and mammals
in Mexico: conservation conflicts at a national scale 57–74
RICHARD M. SMITH, PHILIPH. WARREN, KEN THOMPSON and KEVIN
J. GASTON / Urban domestic gardens (VI): environmental correlates
of invertebrate species richness 75–98
ASHALATADEVI KHUMBONGMAYUM, M.L. KHAN and R.S. TRIPATHI /
Biodiversity conservation in sacred groves of Manipur, northeast India:
population structure and regeneration status of woody species 99–116
G.J. MARTÍNEZ, A.M. PLANCHUELO, E. FUENTES and M. OJEDA /
Anumeric index to establish conservation priorities for medicinal plants
in the Paravachasca Valley, Córdoba, Argentina 117–135
ALESSANDRO FUSARI and GIUSEPPE MARIACARPANETO / Subsistence
hunting and conservation issues in the game reserve of Gile, Mozambique 137–155
BRIAN G. GILES, TRUONG SI KY, DO HUU HOANG and AMANDAC.J.
VINCENT / The catch and trade of seahorses in Vietnam 157–173
RICHARD M. SMITH, KEVIN J. GASTON, PHILIP H. WARREN and KEN
THOMPSON / Urban domestic gardens (VIII) : environmental correlates
of invertebrate abundance 175–205
SANDRA J. DEBANO / Effects of livestock grazing on aboveground insect
communities in semi-arid grasslands of southeastern Arizona 207–224
NORMA I. HILGERT and GUILLERMO E. GIL / Medicinal plants of the
Argentine Yungas plants of the Las Yungas biosphere reserve, Northwest
of Argentina, used in health care 225–254
M.P. WALKER, J.W. DOVER, T.H. SPARKS and S.A. HINSLEY / Hedges
and green lanes: vegetation composition and structure 255–270
EILEEN O’ROURKE/ Biodiversity and land use change on the Causse Méjan,
France 271–286
CARLOS A. PERES and HILTON S. NASCIMENTO / Impact of game hunting
by the Kayapó of south-eastern Amazonia: implications for wildlife
conservation in tropical forest indigenous reserves 287–313
YOSEPH BEYENE, ANNA-MARIABOTHAand ALEXANDER A. MYBURG /
Genetic diversity in traditional Ethiopian highland maize accessions
assessed by AFLPmarkers and morphological traits 315–331
NIGEL MAXTED, BRIAN V. FORD-LLOYD, STEPHEN JURY, SHELAGH
KELLand MARIASCHOLTEN / Towards a definition of a crop wild
relative 333–345
FU YONGNENG, GUO HUIJUN, CHEN AIGUO and CUI JINYUN /
Household differentiation and on-farm conservation of biodiversity
by indigenous households in Xishuangbanna, China 347–363
RAJASRI BHATTACHARYYA, SABITA BHATTACHARYA and
SIDDHARTHA CHAUDHURI / Conservation and documentation of
the medicinal plant resources of India 365–377
MARIANAALTRICHTER / Wildlife in the life of local people of the semi-arid
Argentine Chaco 379–396
G. COELHO DESOUZA, R. KUBO, L. GUIMARÃES and E. ELISABETSKY/
An ethnobiological assessment of Rumohra adiantiformis (samambaia-
preta) extractivism in Southern Brazil 397–406
MARCELO H.O. PINHEIRO, LUIZ C. DE ALMEIDANETO and REINALDO
MONTEIRO / Urban areas and isolated remnants of natural habitats: an
action proposal for botanical gardens 407–424
SIDDHARTHA B. BAJRACHARYA, PETER A. FURLEY and ADRIAN C.
NEWTON / Impacts of community-based conservation on local commu-
nities in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal 425–446
ATSUSHI TANAKA/ Stakeholder analysis of river restoration activity for eight
years in a river channel 447–471
YIHE LU, BOJIE FU, LIDING CHEN, ZHIYUN OUYANG and JIANYING XU /
Resolving the conflicts between biodiversity conservation and socioeco-
nomic development in China: fuzzy clustering approach 473–487
K.E. STOKES, K.P. O’NEILL, W.I. MONTGOMERY, J.T.A. DICK,
C.A. MAGGS and R.A. MCDONALD / The importance of stakeholder
engagement in invasive species management: a cross-jurisdictional
perspective in Ireland 489–512
BiodiversityandConservation(2006)15:2341–2342 (cid:2)Springer2006
DOI10.1007/s10531-006-8428-z
-1
Introduction
Human exploitation of biodiversity and conservation: a question of balance?
The sustainable use of the components of biodiversity is one of the three key
objectivesofthe1992ConventiononBiologicalDiversity1.Butthisfarfroma
new idea. The need to strike a balance between human utilization and con-
servation is at the heart of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB)
Programme launched in 1971; there are now 482 Biosphere Reserves in 102
countries,‘‘living laboratories for people and nature’’. Is not the key to con-
serving biodiversity long-term securing the commitment of those who use it?
Local peoples are the front-line of the exploitation vs. conservation conflict,
whether in Amazonas, Kalimantan, the Pacific North-West, or the Camarge.
Sound conservation practice has to be recognized as beneficial and im-
plemented by the people who use it from subsistence farmers to skiers and
pharmaceuticalbioprospectors.Fortunately,there isnowahightenedconcern
over biodiversity conservation and the state of the environment than ever
before.Voluntarygroupsundertakeworktoprotectendangeredspecies,create
andmaintainnewbiodiversityreserves,andpreventthedestructionofnatural
habitats. But, more critically, the numbers of conservation- and en-
vironmentally-aware has passed a‘‘tipping point’’ and is influencing policy
from the global to the local level.
At the same time, indigenous peoples utilize enormous numbers of plants,
fungi,andfishparticularlyforfoodsandmedicines.Thishastobeallowedfor
inconservation planning,andisasourceofpotentiallynewfoodsources.The
world’sstaplefoods,ofwhichpotatoesandriceareprimeexamples,werefirst
exploited by indigenous groups. Yet over-exploitation can drive species to-
wards extinction, from tigers in south-east Asia to North Sea Cod, the South
Indian Lady’s Slipper orchid and Giant Pitcher plants, and even perhaps to
Matsutake mushrooms. Use of particular species has to be monitored and
controlled, and fortunately such cases are increasingly the subject of interna-
tionalagreements,forexampleundertheConventiononTradeinEndangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
The range of issues of concern on this theme is enormous, and this issue
gathers together a wide range of papers submitted to Biodiversity and
1Theothertwoaretheconservationofbiologicaldiversity,andtheequitablesharingofbenefits
[1]
2342
Conservation, contributions addressing diverse aspects of front-line human
involvement in biodiversity exploitation and conservation. Collectively, they
provide a snap-shot of on-going action and state-of-the-art research, and as
suchitisenvisagedthathavingthesetogetherinonenumberofthejournalwill
beparticularlyconvenienttothoserunningcoursesincludingbiodiversityand/
or conservation issues, and to advanced students and researchers working in
relatedfields.Thescopeoftheincludedpapersembracescasesinvolving,birds,
crop plants, invertebrates, land use changes, livestock, mammals, marine or-
ganisms, and medicinal plants. Issues related to the importance of gardens,
hedgesandgreenlanes, housing developments,hunting, invasive species, local
community involvement, sacred groves, socioeconomic factors, and trade.
Examples presented here come from studies in 17 countries including ones in
Africa, Asia, Europe, and North and South America.
Inmyexperience,specialistsononegroupoforganismscanfindsolutionsor
approachestoproblemstheyareaddressingbylookingatthemethodsusedin
other groups of organisms. This compilation provides an opportunity to see a
widerangeoforiginalpapersinwhichmethodologiesthatmaybepertinentto,
or have analogues with, research in another, and hopefully stimulate research
in this critical aspect of the conservation of biodiversity. Advances in science
paradigms in a particular field are commonly a result of knowledge transfer
fromoneareatoanother,andIlearntlongagothatthisisespeciallyrelevantin
issues related to biodiversity and conservation studies where so many papers
areembeddedinorganismalfocussedjournals.Indeed,thisiswhyIhavefound
Biodiversity and Conservation of such value to me personally in my own work
on fungi since it was launched in 1992.
ThepapersincludedhereontopicalcaseswillIhopestimulateyourthoughts
and futurework programmes. Collectively such work iscritical to attaintinga
sustainable balance between the conservation and sustainable exploitation of
biodiversity,andultimatelyapositiveprognosisforthelong-termprospectsfor
human societies on planet Earth.
DAVID L. HAWKSWORTH
TheYellowHouse,CalleAguila12,
ColoniaLaMaliciosa,
Mataelpino,Madrid28492,Spain.
E-mail:[email protected]
[2]
BiodiversityandConservation(2006)15:2343–2363 (cid:2)Springer2006
DOI10.1007/s10531-004-1064-6
-1
Impacts of demographic and socioeconomic factors
on spatio-temporal dynamics of panda habitat
LI AN1,*, GUANGMING HE1, ZAI LIANG2 and JIANGUO LIU1
1Department ofFisheries andWildlife, MichiganStateUniversity,13 Natural ResourcesBuilding,
EastLansing,MI48824-1222,USA;2ArtsandSciences350,UniversityatAlbany,1400Washington
Ave.,Albany,NY12222-0001,USA;*Authorforcorrespondence.Presentaddress:SchoolofNatural
ResourcesandEnvironment,2004DanaNaturalResourcesBuilding,UniversityofMichigan,430E,
University,AnnArbor,MI48109-1115,USA(e-mail:[email protected];phone:[phone];fax:
[phone])
Received22September2003;acceptedinrevisedform21June2004
Keywords:Agent-basedmodeling,Giantpandaconservation,Households,Humandemography,
Socioeconomics,Spatialdynamics
Abstract Demographicandsocioeconomicfactorsofindividualpeopleandhouseholdsmayhave
significantimpactsontheirenvironment,whichinturnmayaffectthespatio-temporaldynamicsof
wildlife habitat and local biodiversity. In the Wolong Nature Reserve (China) for giant panda
conservation,localhouseholdslivearurallifestylethathascausedforestdegradationbyactivities
suchascuttingfuelwood.Basedonfielddataandaspatialagent-basedmodelthatintegratescross-
scaledataandcross-disciplinemodels,weexaminehowpandahabitatwouldrespondtochangesin
asetofsocioeconomicanddemographicfactorsindividually,andunderaconservationscenario
and a development scenario (setting factors to values that would benefit or degrade habitat,
respectively). The model simulates each family member’s life history (including needs, attitudes,
andactivities)andthehouseholdagents’interactionswitheachotherandwiththeenvironment
through their activities over 30years. Our simulations show that among all the factors under
consideration, providing cheaper electricity and changing the age structure through increasing
marriageageorprolongingtheintervalbetweenconsecutivebirthscouldchangehabitatquantity
significantly (at a=0.05 level); and the differences in panda habitat between the two scenarios
escalate over time. In addition to benefiting local policy-making, this study provides a new ap-
proachtostudyinghuman–environmentinteractionsfromtheperspectivesofindividualneedsand
decisions.
Introduction
Human activities have radically altered the earth’s surface, oceans, and
atmosphere, especially over the past 200 years (Turner 1990), which reminds
thecurrentgenerationofthewarningbyMalthusthatunrestrainedpopulation
growthwouldeventuallybelimitedbyfixednaturalresources(Malthus1798).
To address this serious situation, many researchers have called for efforts to
study effects of human activities upon the environment. In particular, changes
in human demographic and socioeconomic factors (e.g., public policy) have
exerted great impacts on the environment and need to be paid more attention
(e.g., Pebley 1998; Liu et al. 1999a; Liu 2001; Lambin 2003). Pebley (1998)
[3]