Human decisions: thoughts on AI

129 Pages·2017·7.79 MB·English

HUMAN
DECISIONS
THOUGHTS
ON AI
Published in 2018 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
7, place de Fontenoy • 75352 Paris 07 SP • France
and
Netexplo • 264 Faubourg Saint-Honoré • 75008 Paris, France
© Netexplo 2018
ISBN 978-92-3-100263-2
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The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the
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territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those
of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.
Editing: Brigitte Lasry & Hael Kobayashi
Graphic design: Veronique Deshayes
Cover design & Illustrations: Veronique Deshayes
Photo : Getty Images
Typeset: Veronique Deshayes
Printed by: Imprimerie Frag Paris
Printed in: France 02 2018
notebooks
HUMAN
DECISIONS
THOUGHTS
ON AI
SPECIAL
THANKS
A study like this cannot exist without the goodwill and
open-mindedness of many people who generously gave their time
Such as,
Mr Indrajit Banerjee, Director of the Knowledge Society Division
of UNESCO’sCommunication and Information sector
for his stimulating input and support of UNAB
(UNESCO/Netexplo Advisory Board)
The Professors and Members of UNAB who accepted
the invitation to share their views on this very disruptive topic
Last but not least, our dear friend, Hael Kobayashi, Adjunct Professor
at UTS, also a Member of UNAB, for his valuable help as an attentive
and committed co-editor and ideal correspondent.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE 9
INTRODUCTION 10
PART 1
UNAB’S PERSPECTIVE ON AI 13
CHAPTER 1
HUMANS VOLUNTARILY GIVE AWAY
THEIR DECISION-MAKING POWER TO AI. 15
PERSPECTIVE A PERSPECTIVE B
AI IS VIEWED AS PROGRESS FOR HUMAN AI IS COOPERATING WITH HUMANS. 57
CIVILIZATION. 17
The Threat of AI: Fact or Fiction 58
Reaching for Artificial Intelligence: Ben Leong
a personal memoir on learning machines and
machine learning pioneers. 18 will robots soon replace humans? 62
Steve Moyle Charles Henri
Besseyre des Horts
Transform everything
into data in order to transform PERSPECTIVE C
everything through data. 32
AI IS COMPETING WITH HUMANS. 67
Julien Levy
Disruption explains why AI can be better CEO
AI is only the newest layer of a pattern that we than a person 68
decided on years ago. 38
Juan Pablo Vasquez Sampere
Alexandre Tissot
A few things that AI can help us with 72
Trans disciplinarity and AI 44
Byonghyo Shim
Julia Prior
Myth and Realities 50
Enrique Dans
CHAPTER 2
AI AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR HUMANS. 77
PERSPECTIVE A: PERSPECTIVE B
CHALLENGES IN HOW TO MEASURE AND QUANTIFY HUMANS NEED TO ADAPT TO A NEW ENVIRONMENT.
THIS SUBSTITUTION. 79 91
The social arithmetic of artificial intelligence: is it On the starting line: the opportunity
subtraction, addition, or multiplication? 80 for design in a world of A.I? 92
Pierre Balloffet Michal Eitan
Will artificial intelligence ultimately be self- We’d better start discussing AI 96
defining? 84 Pedro Pineda
Laurent Maruani
CHAPTER 3
POTENTIAL HUMAN SAFEGUARDS FROM AI. 101
PERSPECTIVE A PERSPECTIVE B:
ETHICS FOR MACHINE INTELLIGENCE. 103 THE DIGITAL AND ECONOMIC DIVIDE. 113
The Ethical Dilemmas A.I as a global game changer:
of Artificial Intelligence 104 three key challenges 114
Rajeev Srinivasan Anne Miroux
A.I and big data: what kind of education PERSPECTIVE C
and what kind of place is there for the citizen?
108 LEGISLATION AND REGULATION AS SAFEGUARDS. 123
MonZen Tzen In Search of Regulations and Legal Personhood
& Xavier Moquet 124
Amita Singh
PART 2
NETEXPLO’S PERSPECTIVE ON A.I 130
by Bernard Cathelat
How much should we let AI decide for us? 131 Socio -economic impacts 135
Stage 1 132 Socio-Political Impacts 136
Stage 2 133 Three scenarios emerge from Netexplo’s
research. 137
Stage 3 134
NETEXPLO NOTEBOOK | HUMAN DECISIONS THOUGHTS ON AI 7
IHECS BRUSSELS
SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SOUTH KOREA
Damien Van Achter
Byonghyo Shim
HEC PARIS
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
Charles Henri Besseyre des Horts
UNIVERSITY | NEW DELHI
HEC MONTREAL
CENTRALESUPÉLEC Amita Singh
Pierre Balloffet
Alexandre Tissot PhD
UTSEUS | SHANGHAI UNIVERSITY
HEC PARIS
MIT MEDIA LAB | BOSTON MonZen Tzen
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | NYC
Julien Lévy
Leonardo Bonanni
SCHOOL OF MEDIA AND DESIGN
HEC PARIS UNIVERSITY KEIO TOKYO
Laurent Maruani Masa Inakage
STANFORD | SAN FRANCISCO
OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Ian Monroe ADJUNCT PROFESSOR
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY
Steve Moyle
Hael Kobayashi
EADA BUSINESS SCHOOL | BARCELONA
CORNELL UNIVERSITY | USA
Juan Pablo Vasquez Sampere NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Anne Miroux OF SINGAPORE
IE BUSINESS SCHOOL | MADRID Ben Leong
Enrique Dans
ESPM | SAO PAULO
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY
BEZALEL ACADEMY OF ART AND DESIGN |
Marcelo Pimenta
JERUSALEM Julia Prior
Michal Eitan
UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE CAPE TOWN UNIVERSITY IIM | BANGALORE
| SANTIAGO
Wallace Chigona Rajeev Srinivasan
Pedro Pineda
8 NETEXPLO NOTEBOOK | HUMAN DECISIONS THOUGHTS ON AI
PREFACE
In 30 years, since the emergence of the Web, we have mous agents. Suddenly machines can learn, nurture social
observed tremendous technical progress and changes. interactions and even improve without human oversight.
Some call it “the Digital Revolution”, which came after the This of course raises many new questions and challenges for
Printing Revolution in the Middle Ages, and in the 19th the future.
century, the Industrial Revolution.
As Director of UNESCO’s Knowledge Societies Division,
The Digital Revolution is however, very different because its I view these issues as fundamental as they are beginning to
pace is unprecedented. It is moving so fast that even experts shape cultures and people, becoming a powerful lever of
struggle to keep track, and even more so, to understand its progress and civilization.
global impact.
But to safeguard that progress and, more generally, human
Gordon Moore, one of Intel’s co-founders, predicted in civilization we must be aware of the potential dangers of
1965 that computer power would increase exponentially. these technologies, particularly their escaping from human
He was right. Today, an African citizen holding a smart- control and their ethical implications.
phone has access in a few seconds to more information than
In 2015, I took part with Netexplo in the launching of
was available to all American administrations combined
the UNESCO/ Netexplo Advisory Board (UNAB) an
(including the FBI, The Pentagon, etc.) 40 years ago.
academic steering committee on digital culture where pro-
Recently, one of the most fascinating and controversial fessors from the Netexplo University Network share their
technological trends has been the emergence of artificial in- vision of the revolution in information and communication
telligence. This phenomenon is mainly due to the explosion technologies and its impact on societies.
of data collection and the transition of deep learning
Today I am proud to preface the first UNAB book which
mechanisms. Robots were previously considered tools of
is a thought-provoking attempt to address some of these
automation, yet today are increasingly becoming autono-
challenges and understand the key workings behind them.
INDRAJIT BANERJEE
Director Knowledge
Societies Division UNESCO
Communication and Information Sector
NETEXPLO NOTEBOOK | HUMAN DECISIONS THOUGHTS ON AI 9
INTRODUCTION
The UNESCO/Netexplo Advisory Board (UNAB) is
a global, collaborative network of university professors,
lecturers and researchers. Together, they are a diverse
platform of thought leaders who contribute perspective
and ideas on the digital future of societies and communities
throughout the world.
The idea for a UNAB publication focused on Artificial In-
telligence (AI) stems from a brief yet intense digital deep dive
held in April 2017 at the annual Netexplo Forum. Looking
at the near horizon for global societies generated serious
debate and discussion on the challenges and potential
impact of AI, Machine Learning and accelerated Automa-
tion across the public and private sectors.
Without getting into the question of the absolute definition
of AI, the consensus of the UNAB think tank was that AI
is already having an effect on societies and communities.
We acknowledge that there has been use and development
of modern AI for over 70 years, with increasing design and
application over the last decade of digital disruption and
transformation. Today we acknowledge that AI is here to
stay as a key dimension of human existence. What does this
mean for the near future? Are we about to arrive at singu-
larity, where Human Intelligence and AI become totally
integrated?
We can think of surface reasons where AI informs the
greater good for society, particularly for medical research.
Yet not enough is currently known to genuinely forecast if
the greater good will be the dominant direction we decide
on. More importantly, will we as a global society, be making
that choice ourselves?
10 NETEXPLO NOTEBOOK | HUMAN DECISIONS THOUGHTS ON AI
Then comes the issue of ethics. While great emphasis is global technical systems. What was once the domain of sci-fi
being put on technological advances, is society being too is rapidly coming into focus as technology surges forward.
passive? There is a tremendous opportunity for society to
Across the challenges and diverse perspectives, there was
engage more fully in the design of AI. Yet there is a great
one pervasive factor of intense concern, the decision-ma-
deal of fear that society is surrounding itself with AI enabled
king process. What if AI was wholly monitoring human
technology that will eventually govern humans without
behaviour, without human participation? Who or what
regard for human values.
will be engaged in the related decision-making process?
Why are we so fascinated with, and at the To what extent would individuals accept AI
same time frightened of, AI? We often have a despite the consequences? Will the human
fear of the unknown. Are we fascinated with factor as we know it disappear completely?
the technology aspect and yet fearful that
At the other end of the spectrum are the po-
AI will totally eclipse human intelligence?
tentially positive attributes of integrating AI
What will become of human civilization as
into civilization. Fully autonomous transport
we have known it for thousands of years?
systems may greatly decrease the number of
What happens to the human connection?
vehicular accidents than are currently escala-
These questions were so challenging that the ting due to the human factor. Medical systems
UNAB group felt the need to deepen the are already making quantum advances
analysis. Each member of the group decided possible in health monitoring, and a range of
to address AI, drawing from their area of domain expertise, streamlined procedures due to advanced insights generated
giving their own personal perspective. by advanced architecture. The examples are numerous. Yet,
what is the price humanity may be willing to pay? How
Therefore, each article focuses on a critical challenge raised
much autonomy are humans willing to surrender? Our
by AI. The challenge generated by the likelihood that the
next question quickly became evident. Is it already too late?
workforce of today, and therefore the global economy, will
Do we still have a choice? Have we already surrendered our
have a dramatically different shape in less than a decade due
authority based on human engagement?
to automation. The challenge to democratic governance and
civil society when we realize that AI is primarily designed Obviously the relationship between AI and humans is at a
and implemented by for profit, commercial enterprise. The turning point. The question is will it evolve towards coo-
symbiotic challenges of privacy and cybersecurity, and the peration, competition or substitution? The debate is open.
impact on human history where AI is both observing and
We invite you to take a deep dive into the UNAB network’s
recording. The challenge of the digital divide becoming the
examination of the co-factors that are illuminating the
digital abyss, fragmenting today’s diaspora of populations
global discourse on AI.
defined by their culture. Or perhaps AI will lift all popula-
tions onto a plateau of equality, enabling integration with
BRIGITTE LASRY
Head of Netexplo University Network
NETEXPLO NOTEBOOK | HUMAN DECISIONS THOUGHTS ON AI 11