Human-Computer Interaction and Innovation in Handheld, Mobile and Wearable Technologies

407 Pages·2011·7.36 MB·English

by  Joanna Lumsden

Human-Computer
Interaction and
Innovation in Handheld,
Mobile and Wearable
Technologies
Joanna Lumsden
Aston University, UK
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Human computer interaction and innovation in handheld, mobile, and wearable
technologies / Joanna Lumsden, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: "This book reviews concepts relating to the design, development,
evaluation, and application of mobile technologies, including how mobile user
interfaces, mobile learning, and mobile commerce contribute to the growing
body of knowledge on this discipline"--Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-60960-499-8 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60960-500-1 (ebook) 1.
Mobile computing. 2. Human-computer interaction. 3. Portable computers. I.
Lumsden, Joanna.
QA76.59.H86 2011
004.01'9--dc22
2010054500
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the
authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
Table of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................................................xvi
Chapter 1
Instrumented Usability Analysis for Mobile Devices .............................................................................1
Andrew Crossan, University of Glasgow, Scotland
Roderick Murray-Smith, University of Glasgow, Scotland & National University of Ireland -
Maynooth, Ireland
Stephen Brewster, University of Glasgow, Scotland
Bojan Musizza, Institut Jozef Stefan, Slovenia
Chapter 2
Appropriating Heuristic Evaluation for Mobile Computing .................................................................20
E. Bertini, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
T. Catarci, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Italy
A. Dix, Lancaster University, UK
S. Gabrielli, University of Udine, Italy
S. Kimani, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
G. Santucci, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Italy
Chapter 3
Pickup Usability Dominates: A Brief History of Mobile Text Entry Research and Adoption ..............42
Mark David Dunlop, University of Strathclyde, UK
Michelle Montgomery Masters, University of Strathclyde, UK
Chapter 4
On-the-Move and in Your Car: An Overview of HCI Issues for In-Car Computing ............................60
G.E. Burnett, University of Nottingham, UK
Chapter 5
Technology Acceptance Model for Mobile Services as a Design Framework .....................................80
Eija Kaasinen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Elina Mattila, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Hanna Lammi, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Tuomo Kivinen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Pasi Välkkynen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Chapter 6
Experiences of Supporting Local and Remote Mobile Phone Interaction in Situated Public
Display Deployments ..........................................................................................................................108
Jörg Müller, University of Münster, Germany
Keith Cheverst, Lancaster University, UK
Dan Fitton, Lancaster University, UK
Nick Taylor, Lancaster University, UK
Oliver Paczkowski, University of Münster, Germany
Antonio Krüger, University of Münster, Germany
Chapter 7
Lessons out of Chaos: Lessons Learned from the Noise of Non-Traditional Environments .............124
Anthony P. Glascock, Drexel University, USA
David M. Kutzik, Drexel University, USA
Chapter 8
Large Scale User Trials: Research Challenges and Adaptive Evaluation ...........................................138
Scott Sherwood, University of Glasgow, UK
Stuart Reeves, University of Nottingham, UK
Julie Maitland, National Research Council of Canada, Canada
Alistair Morrison, University of Glasgow, UK
Matthew Chalmers, University of Glasgow, UK
Chapter 9
Experimental Setups for User Evaluation of Mobile Devices and Ubiquitous Systems ....................155
Francis Jambon, Grenoble University, France
Chapter 10
How it Started: Mobile Internet Devices of the Previous Millennium ...............................................172
Evan Koblentz, Historian, USA
Chapter 11
User Experience of Mobile Internet: Analysis and Recommendations ..............................................175
Eija Kaasinen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Virpi Roto, Nokia Research Center, Finland
Kristin Roloff, Swisscom Mobile AG, Switzerland
Kaisa Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila, Tampere University of Technology, Finland
Teija Vainio, Tampere University of Technology, Finland
Wolfgang Maehr, Opera Software ASA, Norway
Dhaval Joshi, Nokia Research Center, India
Sujan Shrestha, Brunel University, UK
Chapter 12
How People Really Use the Mobile Web: A Framework for Understanding Motivations,
Behaviors, and Contexts .....................................................................................................................195
Carol A. Taylor, Motricity Inc., USA
Nancy A. Samuels, University of Washington, USA
Judith A. Ramey, University of Washington, USA
Chapter 13
Improving the User Experience of a Mobile Photo Gallery by Supporting Social Interaction ..........215
Elina Vartiainen, Nokia Research Center, Finland
Chapter 14
Touch-Based Access to Mobile Internet: Recommendations for Interface and Content Design ........231
Minna Isomursu, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Mari Ervasti, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Chapter 15
What does Mobile Mean? ...................................................................................................................254
Russell Beale, University of Birmingham, UK
Chapter 16
ICT for Consumers or Human Beings: What’s the Difference? .........................................................260
Elizabeth Sillence, University of Northumbria, UK
Antti Pirhonen, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
Chapter 17
Empowering People Rather Than Connecting Them .........................................................................268
Roderick Murray-Smith, University of Glasgow, Scotland
Chapter 18
Mobile Internet: Past, Present, and the Future ....................................................................................276
Anne Kaikkonen, Nokia Corporation, Finland
Chapter 19
Novel Technologies and Interaction Paradigms in Mobile HCI .........................................................289
Gitte Lindgaard, Carleton University, Canada
Sheila Narasimhan, Carleton University, Canada
Chapter 20
Designing Mobile Phones for Children: Is there a Difference? ..........................................................303
Janet C. Read, University of Central Lancashire, UK
Chapter 21
SatNav or SatNag? A Case Study Analysis of Evolving HCI Issues for In-Car Computing ..............314
G. E. Burnett, University of Nottingham, UK
Chapter 22
Paper Rejected (p>0.05): An Introduction to the Debate on Appropriateness of Null-Hypothesis
Testing .................................................................................................................................................323
Mark D. Dunlop, University of Strathclyde, UK
Mark Baillie, University of Strathclyde, UK
Compilation of References ...............................................................................................................329
About the Contributors ....................................................................................................................360
Index ...................................................................................................................................................371
Detailed Table of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................................................xvi
Chapter 1
Instrumented Usability Analysis for Mobile Devices .............................................................................1
Andrew Crossan, University of Glasgow, Scotland
Roderick Murray-Smith, University of Glasgow, Scotland & National University of Ireland -
Maynooth, Ireland
Stephen Brewster, University of Glasgow, Scotland
Bojan Musizza, Institut Jozef Stefan, Slovenia
Personal mobile devices are increasingly being used as platforms for interactive services. Ease of use
is important, but the services should also provide clear value to the user and they should be trustworthy
and easy to adopt. These user acceptance factors form the core of the Technology Acceptance Model
for Mobile Services introduced in this paper. The model has been set up based on field trials of several
mobile services with altogether more than 200 test users. This paper presents the technology acceptance
model and describes four case studies of applying the model in practice as a design and evaluation
framework.
Chapter 2
Appropriating Heuristic Evaluation for Mobile Computing .................................................................20
E. Bertini, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
T. Catarci, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Italy
A. Dix, Lancaster University, UK
S. Gabrielli, University of Udine, Italy
S. Kimani, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
G. Santucci, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Italy
Heuristic evaluation has proven popular for desktop and web interfaces, both in practical design and as
a research topic. Compared to full user studies, heuristic evaluation can be highly cost-effective, allow-
ing a large proportion of usability flaws to be detected ahead of full development with limited resource
investment. Mobile computing shares many usability issues with more conventional interfaces. How-
ever, it also poses particular problems for usability evaluation related to aspects such as limited screen
real estate, intermittent user attention, and contextual factors. This paper describes a modified collec-
tion of usability heuristics that are designed to be appropriate for evaluation in mobile computing. They
have been systematically derived from extensive literature and empirically validated. They therefore
offer a sound basis for heuristic-based evaluation in mobile computing. Besides introducing the reader
to the practical use of heuristic evaluation, the paper also closes with a description of potential future
research in the area.
Chapter 3
Pickup Usability Dominates: A Brief History of Mobile Text Entry Research and Adoption ..............42
Mark David Dunlop, University of Strathclyde, UK
Michelle Montgomery Masters, University of Strathclyde, UK
Text entry on mobile devices (e.g. phones and PDAs) has been a research challenge
since devices shrank below laptop size: mobile devices are simply too small to have a
traditional full-size keyboard. There has been a profusion of research into text entry
techniques for smaller keyboards and touch screens: some of which have become
mainstream, while others have not lived up to early expectations. As the mobile phone
industry moves to mainstream touch screen interaction we will review the range of
input techniques for mobiles, together with evaluations that have taken place to assess
their validity: from theoretical modelling through to formal usability experiments. We also report initial
results on iPhone text entry speed.
Chapter 4
On-the-Move and in Your Car: An Overview of HCI Issues for In-Car Computing ............................60
G.E. Burnett, University of Nottingham, UK
The introduction of computing and communications technologies within cars raises a range of novel
human-computer interaction (HCI) issues. In particular, it is critical to understand how user-interfaces
within cars can best be designed to account for the severe physical, perceptual and cognitive constraints
placed on users by the driving context. This paper introduces the driving situation and explains the
range of computing systems being introduced within cars and their associated user-interfaces. The
overall human-focused factors that designers must consider for this technology are raised. Furthermore,
the range of methods (e.g. use of simulators, instrumented vehicles) available to designers of in-car
user-interfaces are compared and contrasted. Specific guidance for one key system, vehicle navigation,
is provided in a case study discussion. To conclude, overall trends in the development of in-car user-
interfaces are discussed and the research challenges are raised.
Chapter 5
Technology Acceptance Model for Mobile Services as a Design Framework .....................................80
Eija Kaasinen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Elina Mattila, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Hanna Lammi, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Tuomo Kivinen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Pasi Välkkynen, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
Personal mobile devices are increasingly being used as platforms for interactive services. Ease of use
is important, but the services should also provide clear value to the user and they should be trustworthy
and easy to adopt. These user acceptance factors form the core of the Technology Acceptance Model
for Mobile Services introduced in this paper. The model has been set up based on field trials of several
mobile services with altogether more than 200 test users. This paper presents the technology acceptance
model and describes four case studies of applying the model in practice as a design and evaluation
framework.
Chapter 6
Experiences of Supporting Local and Remote Mobile Phone Interaction in Situated Public
Display Deployments ..........................................................................................................................108
Jörg Müller, University of Münster, Germany
Keith Cheverst, Lancaster University, UK
Dan Fitton, Lancaster University, UK
Nick Taylor, Lancaster University, UK
Oliver Paczkowski, University of Münster, Germany
Antonio Krüger, University of Münster, Germany
Public displays and mobile phones are ubiquitous technologies that are already weaving themselves
into the everyday life of urban citizens. The combination of the two enables new and novel possibili-
ties, such as interaction with displays that are not physically accessible, extending screen real estate
for mobile phones or transferring user content to and from public displays. However, current usability
evaluations of prototype systems have explored only a small part of this design space, as usage of such
systems is deeply embedded in and dependent on social and everyday context. In order to investigate
issues surrounding technology uptake, real use in social context and appropriation field studies are
necessary. In this paper we present our experiences with field deployments in a continuum between ex-
ploratory prototypes and technology probes. We present benefits and drawbacks of different evaluation
methods for this specific application as well as challenges we experienced in our field studies. We show
how a combination of different methods in different deployments helped us highlight different aspects
of some exemplary results, such as reasons for disuse. Finally, we provide a number of validated les-
sons from our deployments that should help researchers and practitioners alike to investigate systems
that combine public displays and mobile phones.
Chapter 7
Lessons out of Chaos: Lessons Learned from the Noise of Non-Traditional Environments .............124
Anthony P. Glascock, Drexel University, USA
David M. Kutzik, Drexel University, USA
The lessons learned from nine years of the testing of a behavioral monitoring system—the Everyday
Living Monitoring System (ELMS) — outside the laboratory in the real world are discussed. Initially,
the real world was perceived as messy and filled with noise that just delayed and complicated the testing
and development of the system. However, over time, it became clear that without embracing the chaos
of the world and listening very carefully to its noise, the monitoring system could not be successfully
moved from the laboratory to the real world. Specific lessons learned at each stage of development and