Human Biochemistry

2807 Pages·2021·29.601 MB·English

by  Gerald Litwack

Human Biochemistry
SECOND EDITION
Gerald Litwack, PhD
Professor of Molecular & Cellular Medicine and Associate Director, Institute for
Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M University School of Medicine (Retired)
Emeritus Professor, Chair or Founding Chair, Rutgers University, Thomas Jefferson
University Kimmel Medical College and the Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine,
Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
About the author
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1. Organ Systems and Tissues
Abstract
Treatment of the Injured Knee: Use of Stem Cells to Replace Damaged
Cartilage
Development of Organs
Gross Structures and Functions of Organ Systems
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 2. The Cell
Abstract
Cellular Trafficking in Alzheimer’s Disease
Cell Membrane
Nucleus and Cell Division
Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Peroxisome
Lysosome
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 3. Introductory Discussion on Water, pH, Buffers, and General Features of
Receptors, Channels, and Pumps
Abstract
Diabetes Insipidus
Thirst and Arginine Vasopressin
Action of Arginine Vasopressin on the Distal Kidney Tubule
Water and Biological Roles
Water Channels: Aquaporins
The Role of Water in Protein Folding
Protein–Water Interactions in Enzymatic Reactions
Metabolic Water
Proton Transfer in Liquid Water
The Concentration of Hydrogen Ions (Protons) in Solution (pH)
Buffers
Receptors
Ion Channels
Enzymatic Pumping Mechanism
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 4. Proteins
Abstract
Prion Disease, A Disease of Protein Conformational Change
Amino Acids
Proteins
Protein Classification
Proteomics
Protein Microarray
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 5. Enzymes
Abstract
Diagnostic Enzymology
General Aspects of Catalysis
Classification
Coenzymes
Prosthetic Groups
Enzyme Filamentation in Cellular Regulation
Drugs That Operate as Enzyme Inhibitors
Enzyme Replacement Therapy—Gaucher Disease
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 6. Insulin and Sugars
Abstract
Diabetes
Insulin
The Pancreatic β-Cell and Insulin Secretion
Detrimental Effects of Diabetes
Synthetic Sweeteners
Chemistry of Simple Sugars
Glucose Transport
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Conversion of Ribose to Deoxyribose
Carbohydrate Constituents of Proteins—Glycoproteins
Transfer of Nucleotide Sugars Into the Golgi Cisternae
Sugars in Blood Group Proteins
Enzymatic Conversion of A and B Blood Types to Type O (Universal Donor)
Lactose Intolerance
Glycobiology
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 7. Glycogen and Glycogenolysis
Abstract
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I, von Gierke Disease (and Others: At Least 11
Types of Glycogen Storage Disease)
Glycogen—The Storage Carbohydrate
Glucose Metabolism in Muscle
Glycogenin and Formation of Glycogen
Glycogenolysis (Releasing Glucose from Glycogen)
Hormonal Control of Glycogen Metabolism and Blood Glucose Level
Different Glucose Transporters in Different Tissues
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 8. Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
Abstract
Hemolytic Anemia: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (A
Rare Disease)
Phosphofructokinase Enzymes Involved in the Conversion of Fructose-6-
Phosphate to Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate
Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth—The Warburg Effect
Gluconeogenesis
Alanine Cycle
Glucose Can Be Formed From Glycerol
Small-Molecule Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
Glucose Transporters
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 9. Lipids
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia
Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
Inhibition of Liver HMG-CoA Reductase by Drugs (Statins)
The ARH Protein
Bile Acids
Fatty Acids and Fat
Properties of Lipoproteins
Lipid Anchoring of Proteins to Membranes
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Case Study
Chapter 10. Nucleic Acids and Molecular Genetics
Abstract
Huntington’s Disease, A Single-Gene Mutation
Purines and Pyrimidines
Base Pairing
The Structure of DNA
Biosynthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines
Purine Interconversions
Catabolism of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides
Salvage Pathway
Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis
DNA Mutations and Damage
Epigenetics
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 11. Protein Biosynthesis
Abstract
Defects in Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation and Disease: Deficiency in
Mitochondrial Translation
Protein Synthesis in the Mitochondrion
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy With Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like
Episodes
Protein Synthesis Directed by the Nucleus
The Ribosome
Proteins Synthesized in the Cytoplasm but Destined for the Mitochondria
Proteins Destined for the Nucleus
Proteins Destined for Other Sites, Including the Plasma Membrane and
Secretion from the Cell
Summary
Suggested Reading
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 12. Transcription
Abstract
Congenital Heart Disease: Mutations of Transcription Factors
Transcription Factors Control Heart Development
Transcription Factors Involved in Cardiac Hypertrophy