Human And Machines: Philosophical Thinking Of Artificial Intelligence

241 Pages·2022·2.455 MB·English

by  Jun Gu, Yike Guo, Hongyan Lv, Wenqin Dai, Jiajun Xu | Translators

Human Intelligence
Jun Gu · Yike Guo
Human
and Machines
Philosophical Thinking
of Artificial Intelligence
Human Intelligence
Series Editor
Jun Gu, School of Social Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
This book series presents the threats to human intelligence from the perspectives
of philosophy, sociology, mathematics, computer science, literature and medicine,
and also demonstrates the cultural differences of thinking, the responsibilities of
the two intelligences, the legal relationship and the significance of life in the era of
artificial intelligence. In these books people are warned to recgnize the coming of
artificial intelligence and proposed to think about the differences that people are faced
especially the challenges as well as the the opportunities that artificial intelligence
brings to the world. On the other hand, the authors expect to share with the whole
world what the human and social sciences are doing in China and how Chinese social
scientists elaborate the relationship of the two intelligences from Chinese perspective.
·
Jun Gu Yike Guo
Human and Machines
Philosophical Thinking of Artificial
Intelligence
Jun Gu Yike Guo
Shanghai University Shanghai University
Shanghai, China Shanghai, China
Translated by
Hongyan Lv Wenqin Dai
Shanghai University Head of International Copyright
Shanghai, China Department
Fudan University Press Co., Ltd.
Jiajun Xu Shanghai, China
Head of International Copyright
Department
Shanghai University Press Co., Ltd.
Shanghai, China
ISSN 2731-5460 ISSN 2731-5479 (electronic)
Human Intelligence
ISBN 978-981-19-6304-9 ISBN 978-981-19-6305-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6305-6
Jointly published with Shanghai University Press
The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the
print book from: Shanghai University Press.
Translation from the Chinese Simplified language edition: “人与机器: 思想人工智能/Ren Yu Jiqi:
Sixiang Rengong Zhineng” by Jun Gu and Yike Guo, © Shanghai University Press 2018. Published
by Shanghai University Press. All Rights Reserved.
© Shanghai University Press 2022
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Singapore
Contents
1 Man and Machine: Philosophical Thinking of Artificial
Intelligence ................................................... 1
1.1 What Is the Metaphysical Significance of Artificial
Intelligence? ............................................ 2
1.1.1 Is Artificial Intelligence Körper or Verwendung? ...... 3
1.1.2 Is Artificial Intelligence the Tao or the Vessel? ........ 4
1.1.3 Is Artificial Intelligence “Heaven” or “Human”? ...... 4
1.2 Do the Subverted Have the Ability to Anticipate
the Subverter? .......................................... 6
1.3 Will Artificial Intelligence Stop at Simulating Human
Intelligence? ............................................ 8
1.4 Can the “Monofunctional” Surpass the “All-Rounder”? ....... 9
1.5 Is the Absence of Non-rationality Components
a Disadvantage of Artificial Intelligence? ................... 12
1.6 Does Artificial Intelligence Need Self Consciousness? ........ 14
1.7 Artificial Intelligence or Inorganic Intelligence? ............. 15
1.8 Is the Algorithm an “Incarnation of the Tao of Heaven”? ...... 17
1.9 Is “Zero Growth” Possible? ............................... 20
2 Does the Turing Test Work? .................................... 23
2.1 Why Is Turing Mentioned Every Time Artificial
Intelligence Is Talked About? ............................. 24
2.2 What’s the Common Ground Between Turing Machine
and Turing Test? ........................................ 25
2.3 Does Turing Test Have Any Flaw? ......................... 28
2.4 Where is the Origin of the Human Logical System? .......... 30
2.5 Presuppositions: What Is the Flaw of the Turing Test? ........ 32
2.6 Shouldn’t Human Beings Be Proud of Their Own
Intelligence? ............................................ 33
2.7 Discard Anthropocentrism: Is Parallel Intelligence
Possible? ............................................... 36
v
vi Contents
2.8 How to “Patch Up the Defect” of the Turing Test? ........... 38
2.9 Why Does the Flawed Turing Test Still Work? ............... 38
2.10 Surpass in Ideas: How Does Science Develop? .............. 39
3 How Does Machine Intelligence Emerge? ........................ 41
3.1 How Did Machine Intelligence Evolve? .................... 42
3.2 In the Age of ABC, Will Machine Intelligence Surpass
Man? .................................................. 46
3.3 What Are the Main Connotation Modules of Machine
Intelligence? ............................................ 48
3.4 Cognitive Basis of Brain ................................. 48
3.5 Machine Perception and Pattern Recognition ................ 48
3.6 Natural Language Processing and Understanding ............ 49
3.7 Knowledge Engineering .................................. 50
3.8 How Can Machine Get AI? ............................... 51
3.8.1 Artifact and Spirit: The Two Components
of Intelligence .................................... 51
3.8.2 Logic and Image: The Two Components of Human
Thinking Intelligence .............................. 53
3.8.3 Generation of Behavioral Intelligence ................ 54
3.8.4 Intelligence Generation Based on Statistics/Data ...... 55
3.8.5 Creation of Multi-Modal Intelligence ................ 57
3.9 Do People Need to Learn from Intelligent Robots? ........... 57
3.10 What Does Machine Intelligence Simulate? ................. 58
4 By Wining at Go, Can Machines Really Surpass Human
Beings? ...................................................... 63
4.1 Why Go? .............................................. 63
4.2 How Difficult is Go? ..................................... 65
4.3 How Did the Fifth Generation AlphaGo Beat All the Go
Masters? ............................................... 66
4.4 How Does AlphaGo Work? ............................... 67
4.5 To Construct Evaluation Function by Establishing Deep
Neural Network ......................................... 68
4.6 To Build a Game Tree by Using the Monte Carlo Method ..... 68
4.7 Reinforcement Learning as a Basic Learning Model .......... 69
4.8 Man–Machine Distinction: Certainty or Uncertainty? ......... 72
4.9 Is the World Definitive? .................................. 73
4.10 Is There a Boundary of the Development of Machine
Intelligence? ............................................ 76
4.11 Is Man–Machine Communication Possible? ................. 78
5 What Makes Robot Xiaobing’s Works Poetic? ................... 81
5.1 Why Poetry Reflects a Part of Human Civilization? .......... 81
5.2 Are Robots Really Better at Writing Poetry Than Humans? .... 83
5.3 What Is the Beauty in Xiaobing’s Poems? ................... 86
Contents vii
5.4 How Does a Robot Poet Write Poetry? ..................... 87
5.5 How Does a Robot Compose Poems by Looking
at Pictures? ............................................. 92
5.6 Can Robot Really Do Creative Work? ...................... 93
5.7 Where Does the Poetic Quality of the Works of Robot
Poets Come from? ....................................... 96
5.8 Can Man–Robot Integration Enhance Artistic Creation? ...... 97
5.9 What Is the Point in Making Xiaobing Write Poems? ......... 99
6 Will Diagnosing Robot Make Real Doctors Out of Work? ......... 101
6.1 Why Do Doctors Need to Read Medical Images? ............ 102
6.2 What Preparation Does a Doctor Need to Make
for Reading Images? ..................................... 103
6.3 How Does a Doctor Read Images? ......................... 105
6.4 Can Misdiagnosis on Image Reading Be Avoided? ........... 106
6.5 What Is the Cognitive Significance of Image Reading? ........ 108
6.6 How Does the Robot Read the Image? ..................... 111
6.7 Does the Level of Robot Image Reading Surpass
that of Doctors? ......................................... 115
6.8 What Are the Strengths and Weaknesses of Robot
Image-Reading? ........................................ 116
6.9 How Will Robot Image-Reading Develop? .................. 118
6.10 How Will Doctors and Computers Work Together
to Benefit Mankind in the Future? ......................... 120
7 Will the Robot’s Dominance of the Stock Market Disrupt
the Market Order? ............................................ 123
7.1 As a Risk Game, How Does the Stock Market Develop
All the Way? ........................................... 124
7.2 How Do People Operate in the Risk-Intensive Stock
Market? ................................................ 127
7.3 How Does the Robot Do Stock Trading? .................... 129
7.4 How Is Automatic Trading Constituted? .................... 130
7.5 Compared with People, What Are the Advantages
of Robots in Stock Trading? .............................. 132
7.6 What Are the Achievements of Robot-Controlled
Automatic Operation of Stock Trading? .................... 134
7.7 Will Robot Dominance of the Stock Market Cause
“Walking in Unison”? .................................... 135
7.8 Will Price Discovery Mechanism of the Stock Market Be
Replaced by Algorithms? ................................. 137
7.9 What Is Price Prediction Based on Robotic Stock Trading? .... 139
7.10 Can Machines Bring the Planned Economy Back
into Mainstream? ........................................ 145
viii Contents
7.11 Will the Collective Intelligence of Human Beings
in the Economic Life Be Surpassed with the Emergence
of AI? ................................................. 149
8 How Can AI and Robots Go Hand in Hand? ..................... 151
8.1 How Have Robots Developed All Along? ................... 151
8.2 Which is Easier to Imitate, Manual Labor or Mental Labor? ... 153
8.3 Why is It Difficult for Robots to Be as “Flexible”
as Humans? ............................................ 156
8.4 What is the Difference Between Mechanical Intelligence
and Machine Intelligence? ................................ 158
8.5 Why is It Difficult for a Robot to Walk Alternatively
on Two Legs? ........................................... 159
8.6 What Else Can Artificial Intelligence Bring to Robots
Besides Movement? ..................................... 161
8.7 How Does Robot Rraining Work? ......................... 164
8.8 Are Intelligent Dog and Dog Intelligence Parallel? ........... 165
9 Is There Ethical Relationships Among Robots? .................. 169
9.1 Does Intelligence Only Exist in Individuals? ................ 170
9.2 How Many Forms Does the Swarm Intelligence Have
in the World? ........................................... 171
9.3 Why Do We Empower Robots Swarm Intelligence? .......... 172
9.4 Has the Intelligent Unmanned System Had Swarm
Intelligence? ............................................ 175
9.5 Will Robots also Encounter a “Prisoner’s Dilemma”? ......... 176
9.6 How Can Ethical Imperatives Get Groups Out
of the “Prisoner’s Dilemma”? ............................. 177
9.7 How Can Low-Intelligence Beings Meet Ethical
Requirements? .......................................... 178
9.8 How Does Human Society Implement Ethical
Requirements? .......................................... 181
9.9 How Can Ethical Arrangements Be Embedded
in Intelligent Unmanned Systems? ......................... 183
9.10 How Will Individual Robots Fulfill Ethical Requirements? .... 186
9.11 Is There a Boundary for Swarm Intelligence of Intelligent
Unmanned Systems? ..................................... 187
10 When Will China-Made Intelligent Robots Become Chinese
Intelligent Robot? ............................................. 189
10.1 What is the Essence of Bionics? ........................... 190
10.2 How Will the Simulation Target of Human Intelligence
Transfer from Natural Man to Cultural Man? ................ 191
10.3 What is Human Culture? ................................. 192
10.4 What is the Basic Method of Current Artificial
Intelligence Studies? ..................................... 194
Contents ix
10.5 How Does the Algorithm of Artificial Intelligence Work? ..... 196
10.6 What Are the Advantages of Western Thinking
in the Development of Science and Technology? ............. 199
10.7 What is the Risk in Western Thinking Dominating
the World? ............................................. 200
10.8 What Can Future AI Study Learn from Chinese Culture? ...... 202
10.9 Can a Binary Algorithm Interact with the Eight Diagrams? .... 203
10.10 Can the Algorithm Following Formal Logic Integrate
with the Chinese Epiphany Thinking? ...................... 205
10.11 Can Knowledge-Oriented Artificial Intelligence Integrate
with Chinese Principles of Truth Discovery? ................ 206
10.12 Can Artificial Intelligence, Which Focuses on Processing
Phenomena, Integrate with the Chinese Thinking, Which
Emphasizes Seeing Through Manifestations? ................ 209
10.13 Can the Turing Machine, the Cornerstone of Artificial
Intelligence, Be Equivalent to the “Discovery Logic”
of Chinese Culture? ..................................... 212
11 Conclusion: When Will the Era of “Quantum Supremacy”
in Artificial Intelligence Come? ................................. 217
11.1 How Did Quantum Computer Emerge? ..................... 218
11.2 Why is Quantum Mechanics Both Intriguing and Puzzling? ... 219
11.3 What is the Historical Significance of Quantum
Computers? ............................................ 221
11.4 Will Quantum Computing Revolutionize Artificial
Intelligence? ............................................ 223
11.5 What is the Primary Goal of Quantum AI? .................. 225
11.6 In Quantum Supremacy, Who Should be the King
and the Queen? ......................................... 226
Postscript ......................................................... 229